Week 7: Chp 31: Hypertension Flashcards
Normal BP
Systolic BP: less than 120
and Diastolic BP: less than 80
Normal: 120/80
Prehypertensive BP reading
Systolic: 120-129 mm Hg
and Diastolic: less than 80
Stage 1 Hypertension BP reading
Systolic: 130-139 mm Hg
or Diastolic: 80-89 mm Hg
Stage 2 Hypertension BP reading
Systolic: 140 mmHg or higher
or Diastolic: 90 mm Hg or higher
Hypertensive Crisis
Systolic: higher than 180 mm Hg and/or
Diastolic: higher than 120 mm Hg
-consult doctor immediately
Hypertensive Crisis: Hypertensive Urgency
Diastolic BP greater than or equal to 120 mm Hg with no obvious target organ damage (TOD)
Hypertensive Crisis: Hypertensive Emergency
Diastolic BP greater than or equal to 120 mm Hg with evidence of tissue organ damage (TOD)
TOD
tissue organ damage
-damage to the heart, eyes, or kidneys caused by hypertension
Hypertension
common and manageable chronic condition that is a risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, heart failure (HF), stroke, kidney failure, vision loss, dementia, and peripheral artery disease
-carries the risk for premature morbidity or mortality, which increases as systolic and diastolic pressure rise
Risk Factors
- age (tends to rise with age)
- gender
- race (African Americans)
- socioeconomic status (low socioeconomic status)
Essential Hypertension
has no identifiable medical cause
- appears to be a multifactorial, polygenic condition
- heredity is a predisposing factor
- familial
- the risk for this can increased when heredity is combined with unhealthy lifestyle choices such as smoking or a poor diet
- 4 times more common in African Americans
- accelerates more rapidly and more severe with higher mortality in African Americans
Notable Risk factors for Primary Hypertension
- obesity
- salt sensitivity
- renin elevation
- insulin resistance
- vitamin D deficiency
- cigarette smoking
Secondary Hypertension
characterized by elevations in blood pressure due to a specific cause
- most common cause is renal parenchymal disease affecting the renal medulla and renal cortex, where the “work” of the kidney is done
- excessive alcohol intake and use of oral contraceptives can be a cause, also NSAIDs, corticosteroids, cocaine or licorice
Mechanisms that result in hypertension
- increased sodium intake
- renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS)
- aldosterone
- sympathetic nervous system
Mechanisms that result in hypertension: Increased sodium intake
increased sodium causes fluid retention, increasing stroke volume and blood pressure