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anatomy > week 1 > Flashcards

week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

gross anatomical level

A

examination of structures visible to the naked eye

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2
Q

histological level

A

microscopic level of analysis

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3
Q

what are the major branches of anatomy

A

-regional: structures in a single region are examined as a group
-systemic: focus on all organs and structures that share a common function
-surface: the study of shapes and landmarks on the surface of the body that
reveal underlying structures

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4
Q

other branches of anatomy

A

-embryology: study of formation and development of structures before birth.
-pathological: structural changes in cells, tissues, and organs caused by a disease
-cross-sectional: examine
-functional morphology: functional properties of body structures and asses the efficiency of their design.
-comparative anatomy: compare structures between organisms.
-radiographic anatomy

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5
Q

x-rays:

A

used for visualizing bones, locating abnormally dense structures. cheap and easy. can be blurry, not 3D and uses radiation

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6
Q

CT scan

A

soft structures are better represented. takes multiple pictures, provides a better diagnosis. does use radiation.

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6
Q

angiosonography:

A

provides images of cardiac vessels. a contrast medium is inserted into bloodstream and distributed by the vascular system. followed by scanning to decipher the image.

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6
Q

PET:

A

position emission tomography; detects radioisotopes in the body, regions of cellular activity. used heavily in oncology to assess tumor site, growth rates, and distribution. indicates the bodies most active cells and regions with greatest blood supply

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7
Q

sonography

A

ultra sound; body is examined with pulses of high frequency sound eaves that echo off tissues, echos generate organ outline. safe and inexpensive

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7
Q

MRI

A

provides high contrast images of soft tissues. detects hydrogen levels- distinction between tissues based on different water contents. is the best image.

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8
Q

what is the hierarchy of structural organization?

A

chemical level-cellular level
-tissue-organ-organ system-organismal level

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9
Q

what are the 6 features humans share with all other vertebrates?

A

-tube within a tube body plan
-bilateral symmetry
-dorsal hollow nerve cord
-notochord and vertebrae
-segmentation
-pharyngeal arches

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10
Q

what are defining characteristics of mammals:

A

-mammary glands
-thermoregulating organisms
-hair or fur bearing
-neocortex
-intensive care for young
-three middle ear bones

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11
Q

features of primates:

A

-large brains
-visual acuity
-color vision
-shoulder girdle: circumduction

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12
Q

body cavities

A

protected areas inside the body that contain and support a variety of internal organs

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13
Q

what are the two general subdivisions of body cavities

A
  • dorsal body cavity: located posteriorly; cranial cavity and spinal column
  • ventral body cavity:
    – thoracic cavity: pleural cavity. mediastinum: heart and lungs. pericardial cavity: heart and roots of the great.
    –abdominopelvic cavity: abdominal: digestive viscera. pelvic cavity: organs of the urinary and reproductive systems.
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14
Q

anatomical position:

A

-standing erect or lying down in supine position, penis erect
-head eyes, and toes directed anteriorly.
-upper limbs are at the sides with palms facing anteriorly
-lower limbs are together with feet directed anteriorly

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15
Q

orbital

A

eye

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16
Q

buccal

A

cheek

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17
Q

mental

A

chin

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18
Q

cervical

A

neck

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19
Q

axillary

A

armpit

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20
Q

brachial

A

arm

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21
Q

antibrachial

A

forearm

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22
Q

carpal

A

wrist

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23
Q

sternal

A

sternum

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24
Q

umbilical

A

belly

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25
Q

femoral

A

anterior thigh

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26
Q

patella

A

knee

27
Q

crural

A

front of leg

28
Q

tarsal

A

ankle

29
Q

otic

A

ear

30
Q

occipital

A

back of the skull

31
Q

vertebral

A

vertebral column

32
Q

scapular

A

shoulder

33
Q

lumbar

A

back

34
Q

sacral

A

lower back

35
Q

gluteal

A

glutes

36
Q

popliteal

A

posterior to the knee

37
Q

sural

A

calf

38
Q

calcaneal

A

heal

39
Q

sagittal plane

A

a vertical plane passing through the body parallel to the median plane
(through either the right or left half of the body).

40
Q

coronal (frontal) plane:

A

a vertical plane passing through the body at right angles to the
median plane, dividing it into anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections

41
Q

median (midsagittal) plane:

A

the vertical plane that passes longitudinally through the
center of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves

42
Q

transverse plane

A

plane that passes through the body at right angles to the
median and coronal planes, dividing it into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) sections

43
Q

superior (cranial)

A

closer to the head or upper part of the body; above

44
Q

inferior (caudal)

A

away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure of a body; below

45
Q

anterior (ventral)
-ventral: embryos

A

toward or at the front of the body; in front

46
Q

posterior (dorsal)
-dorsal: embryo

A

toward or at the back of the body; behind

47
Q

medial

A

toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

48
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline of the body; on the outer side

49
Q

proximal

A

closer to the origin of the body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

50
Q

distal

A

farther from the origin of the body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

51
Q

superficial (external)

A

toward or at the body surface

52
Q

deep (internal)

A

away from the body surface, more internal

53
Q

ipsilateral

A

on the same side

54
Q

contralateral

A

on opposite sides

55
Q

flexion

A

bending action that decreases the angle between two bones, brings them close together.

56
Q

extension

A

a straightening action that increases the angle
between two body parts

57
Q

hyperextension

A

bending a joint beyond its straight position

58
Q

abduction

A

moving a body part away from the median
plane in the coronal plane
-ab: away body

59
Q

adduction

A

moving a body part towards the median plane
in the coronal plane

60
Q

cirumduction

A

moving a limb or a dinger so it describes a cone shape in space

61
Q

inversion

A

medial rotation of the sole; toes in

62
Q

eversion

A

lateral rotation of the sole; toes outside

63
Q

plantar flexion

A

depression of the foot; toes down

64
Q

dorsiflexion

A

elevation of the foot; toes up

65
Q

pronation

A

medial rotation of the forearm so the pal faces posteriorly- criss cross

66
Q

supination

A

lateral rotation of the forearm so the palm faces anteriorly- parallel

67
Q

protaction

A

anterior movement of the mandible- outward

68
Q

retraction

A

posterior movement of the mandible- inward

anatomy (42 decks)

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