week 1 Flashcards
gross anatomical level
examination of structures visible to the naked eye
histological level
microscopic level of analysis
what are the major branches of anatomy
-regional: structures in a single region are examined as a group
-systemic: focus on all organs and structures that share a common function
-surface: the study of shapes and landmarks on the surface of the body that
reveal underlying structures
other branches of anatomy
-embryology: study of formation and development of structures before birth.
-pathological: structural changes in cells, tissues, and organs caused by a disease
-cross-sectional: examine
-functional morphology: functional properties of body structures and asses the efficiency of their design.
-comparative anatomy: compare structures between organisms.
-radiographic anatomy
x-rays:
used for visualizing bones, locating abnormally dense structures. cheap and easy. can be blurry, not 3D and uses radiation
CT scan
soft structures are better represented. takes multiple pictures, provides a better diagnosis. does use radiation.
angiosonography:
provides images of cardiac vessels. a contrast medium is inserted into bloodstream and distributed by the vascular system. followed by scanning to decipher the image.
PET:
position emission tomography; detects radioisotopes in the body, regions of cellular activity. used heavily in oncology to assess tumor site, growth rates, and distribution. indicates the bodies most active cells and regions with greatest blood supply
sonography
ultra sound; body is examined with pulses of high frequency sound eaves that echo off tissues, echos generate organ outline. safe and inexpensive
MRI
provides high contrast images of soft tissues. detects hydrogen levels- distinction between tissues based on different water contents. is the best image.
what is the hierarchy of structural organization?
chemical level-cellular level
-tissue-organ-organ system-organismal level
what are the 6 features humans share with all other vertebrates?
-tube within a tube body plan
-bilateral symmetry
-dorsal hollow nerve cord
-notochord and vertebrae
-segmentation
-pharyngeal arches
what are defining characteristics of mammals:
-mammary glands
-thermoregulating organisms
-hair or fur bearing
-neocortex
-intensive care for young
-three middle ear bones
features of primates:
-large brains
-visual acuity
-color vision
-shoulder girdle: circumduction
body cavities
protected areas inside the body that contain and support a variety of internal organs
what are the two general subdivisions of body cavities
- dorsal body cavity: located posteriorly; cranial cavity and spinal column
- ventral body cavity:
– thoracic cavity: pleural cavity. mediastinum: heart and lungs. pericardial cavity: heart and roots of the great.
–abdominopelvic cavity: abdominal: digestive viscera. pelvic cavity: organs of the urinary and reproductive systems.
anatomical position:
-standing erect or lying down in supine position, penis erect
-head eyes, and toes directed anteriorly.
-upper limbs are at the sides with palms facing anteriorly
-lower limbs are together with feet directed anteriorly
orbital
eye
buccal
cheek
mental
chin
cervical
neck
axillary
armpit
brachial
arm
antibrachial
forearm
carpal
wrist
sternal
sternum
umbilical
belly
femoral
anterior thigh
patella
knee
crural
front of leg
tarsal
ankle
otic
ear
occipital
back of the skull
vertebral
vertebral column
scapular
shoulder
lumbar
back
sacral
lower back
gluteal
glutes
popliteal
posterior to the knee
sural
calf
calcaneal
heal
sagittal plane
a vertical plane passing through the body parallel to the median plane
(through either the right or left half of the body).
coronal (frontal) plane:
a vertical plane passing through the body at right angles to the
median plane, dividing it into anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections
median (midsagittal) plane:
the vertical plane that passes longitudinally through the
center of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves
transverse plane
plane that passes through the body at right angles to the
median and coronal planes, dividing it into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) sections
superior (cranial)
closer to the head or upper part of the body; above
inferior (caudal)
away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure of a body; below
anterior (ventral)
-ventral: embryos
toward or at the front of the body; in front
posterior (dorsal)
-dorsal: embryo
toward or at the back of the body; behind
medial
toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
lateral
away from the midline of the body; on the outer side
proximal
closer to the origin of the body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
distal
farther from the origin of the body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
superficial (external)
toward or at the body surface
deep (internal)
away from the body surface, more internal
ipsilateral
on the same side
contralateral
on opposite sides
flexion
bending action that decreases the angle between two bones, brings them close together.
extension
a straightening action that increases the angle
between two body parts
hyperextension
bending a joint beyond its straight position
abduction
moving a body part away from the median
plane in the coronal plane
-ab: away body
adduction
moving a body part towards the median plane
in the coronal plane
cirumduction
moving a limb or a dinger so it describes a cone shape in space
inversion
medial rotation of the sole; toes in
eversion
lateral rotation of the sole; toes outside
plantar flexion
depression of the foot; toes down
dorsiflexion
elevation of the foot; toes up
pronation
medial rotation of the forearm so the pal faces posteriorly- criss cross
supination
lateral rotation of the forearm so the palm faces anteriorly- parallel
protaction
anterior movement of the mandible- outward
retraction
posterior movement of the mandible- inward
