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anatomy > skeletal system > Flashcards

skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

cartilage

A

-one of 4 types of CT, contains no blood vessels or nerves, and is found in many parts of the skeleton

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2
Q

function of cartilage

A

cushioning and support of body structures, and shape maintenance

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3
Q

what are the 3 types of cartilage

A

-hyaline: forms most of the embryonic skeleton, covers ends of long bones and joint surfaces. ex. trachea, larynx
-fibrocartilage: pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, menisci; strong
-elastic: flexible, returns to shape. ex external ear, epiglottis

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4
Q

bone function

A

provide levers on which muscles act to generate muscles

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5
Q

what are the forces that affect bones

A

-muscles contract
-gravity
-unloaded
-tension
-compression
-bending
-shear
-torsion

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6
Q

bones are structured to ________ forces acting upon them. and change…..

A

-resist
-change, size, and thickness to counteract forces with the help of vascularization.

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7
Q

the human skeleton is a _______ around which soft tissue of the body is arranged.

A

framework

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8
Q

functions of the human skeleton

A

protection, mobile, motile, strong, breakable, suscpetible to disease

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9
Q

other characteristics of the human skeleton:

A

-heavily vascularized produces RBS, somewhat regenerative, and has minimal innervation
-bone marrow inside; several
-outside CT is innervated; can feel pain from soft tissue

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10
Q

divisions of the human skeleton

A

-skull: formed by 28 bones, houses the brain and face; part of axial skeleton
-axial skeleton: trunk; includes ribs, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis, and coccyx
-appendicular skeleton: limbs, includes articulations to axial skeleton: pelvic and shoulder girdles. formed of long, irregular, short bones.

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11
Q

bones of the skull

A

-come in right and left pairs
-unpaired reside in the midline

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12
Q

appendicular skeleton: the arm

A

-scapula: 2 shoulder blade
-clavicle: 2 collar bone
-humerus: 2 upper arm
-radius and ulna: 2 each; forarm
-carpals: 16 wrist
-metacarpals 10
-phalanges28; fingers

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13
Q

appendicular skeleton: lower limb

A

-pelvis: 2 3 fused
-femur: 2 thigh
-tibia and fibula: 2 lower leg
-patella: knee 2
-tarsals: ankle 14
-metatarsals 10 and phalanges 28

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14
Q

axial skeleton bones

A

-sternum 1
-ribs 24
-vertebrae: cervical 7, thoracic: 17, lumbar: 5, sacrum 1, coccyc, 1

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15
Q

bone shapes; classification

A

-long bones
-short bones
-flat bones
-irregular bones

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16
Q

bone shapes; classification
-long bones

A

longer than wide, tubular; a shaft and two ends
ex. humerus and femur

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17
Q

bone shapes; classification
-short bones

A

cube shaped bones
ex. only wrist and ankle
-sesamoid bones: bones that develop within tendons
-ex. patella

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18
Q

bone shapes; classification
-flat bones

A

thin, flattened, and slightly curved, protect, produce RBC
ex. sternum, ribs, and most skull bones

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19
Q

irregular bones

A

bones with complex shapes, determined by articulation
-ex. hip bones and vertebrae

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20
Q

Muscle and ligament attachment points

A

-tuberosity
-trochanter
-tubercule

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21
Q

Muscle and ligament attachment points
-tuberosity

A

a large rounded projection, may be roughened. above surface

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22
Q

Muscle and ligament attachment points
-trochanter

A

a very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process, only present in the femor

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23
Q

Muscle and ligament attachment points
-tubercule

A

a small rounded projection or process

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24
Q

ligaments attached to muscles =

A

rough surface

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25
Q

bone to bone joint surface=

A

smooth surface

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26
Q

Muscle and ligament attachment points
-epichondyle

A

a raised area on or superior to a condyle (round articular area)

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27
Q

Muscle and ligament attachment points
-spine

A

a sharp, slender, often pointed projection

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28
Q

Muscle and ligament attachment points
-process

A

any bone prominence; small

29
Q

depressions and opening in bones:

A

-foramen: a round or oval opening through a bone; nerve or vessels travel through it
-fissure: a narrow, slit like opening; nerves and vessels travel through
-fossa: shallow basin; contain something
-sinus: cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

30
Q

bone projections that help form joints

A

-condyle: a rounded articular projection, often correlates with a corresponding fossa- joint surface
-facet: a smooth nearly flat articular surface where two bones come together
-head: bony expansion carried on a narrow neck- away from the shaft

31
Q

two types of bone

A

-compact bone: a dense outer layer that appears smooth and solid, around sponge
-spongy (trabecular) bone: found internally deep to compact layer; a honeycomb network of small pointed flat pieces called trabeculae, where the open spaces are filled with bone marrow

32
Q

structure of a typical long bone
-diaphysis

A

a tubular shaft of a bone, core of a bone
-has a medullary cavity: filled with bone marrow, where RBC is made and stored

33
Q

structure of a typical long bone
-epiphysis

A

ends of a bone, covered with articular cartilage, bones grow from ends

34
Q

structure of a typical long bone
-blood vessels

A

bone tissue is well vascularized

35
Q

structure of a typical long bone
-periosteum

A

a well innervated and vascularized CT membrane that covers the outer surface fo each bone except the epiphyseal ends

36
Q

structure of short, irregular, and flat bones

A

-similar to long bones : periosteum covered compact bone externally with and endosteum covered spongy bone internally
-contain BW between trabeculae but no marrow cavity is present
-have no shaft and epyphysis
-diploe: internal spongy bone of flat bones, found in the skull

37
Q

bending compresses the bone on one side and does what to the other?

A

stretches the other side

38
Q

compression and tension are greatest at

A

external surfaces

39
Q

to resist stress:

A

-strong compact bone is found on the external portion of the bone
-the trabeculae of spongy bone align along stress lines in a support pattern

40
Q

structural classifications of joints: (material uniting the joint)

A

-fibrous
-cartilaginous
-synovial

41
Q

functional classifications of joints: (movement)

A

-synarthrosis
-amphiarthrosis
-diarthrosis

42
Q

structural joint:
-fibrous joint

A

bones united by fibrous CT
-ex. cranial vault structures, syndesmoses, gomphoses

43
Q

structural joint:
-cartilagenous joint:

A

bones united by hyaline cartilage (synchrondroses) or fibrocartilage (symphyses), strong and less mobile
-ex. epiphyseal plates, intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis

44
Q

functional classifications of joints:
-synarthrosis

A

immovable
-ex. cranial vault sutures

45
Q

functional classifications of joints:
-amphiarthrosis

A

slightly moveable
-ex. IV discs, pubic symphysis of pelvis

46
Q

functional classifications of joints:
-diarthrosis

A

bone articulation permits free motion, most common
-ex. glenohumeral joint

47
Q

synovial joint:

A

-fibrous joint capsule lined with synovial membrane which forms a synovial cavity; weight bearing surfaces lined with articular cartilage
-most common and important
-present in limbs
-outside: ligaments, tendons nerves

48
Q

key element with synovial joints

A

unites at least two bones that contains a synovial joint capsule outside, with synovial fluid inside, articulating cartilage, and includes hyaline cartilage in the bones.

49
Q

synovial joint classifications based on shape

A

-plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket

50
Q

synovial joint shapes
-plane joints

A

short gliding movements
-flat cube shapes bones
-moves any axis
location: wrist bones and ankle

51
Q

synovial joint shapes
-hinge joints

A

allow angular movements
-uniaxial movement: flexion and extension
location: elbow

52
Q

synovial joint shapes
-pivot joints

A

allow rotational movements
-associated with pronation and supination
location: wrist and elbow

53
Q

synovial joint shapes
-condyloid joints:

A

abduction, adduction, flexion, extension
location: phalanges

54
Q

synovial joint shapes
-saddle joint

A

abduction, adduction, flexion, extension
-more restrictive, narrow window
-location: first carpometacarpal joint in the ball of the thumb

55
Q

synovial joint shapes
-ball and socket joint

A

movements in all directions
-location: shoulder

56
Q

trade of between joint stability and mobility

A

multiaxial: less stable, more mobile
uniaxial: most stable, less mobile

57
Q

ossification

A

bone tissue formation, begins in the embryo and proceeds to adolescence and slower at adult.

58
Q

Week 8 in embryo

A

bone tissue first develops and replaces hyaline cartilage and some membranes of the mesenchyme

59
Q

membrane bones in embryo

A

formed directly from mesenchyme; all bone of the skull except fo rbase

60
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

-endochondral ossification: all the other bones inferior to the basicranium, except for clavicles, dev. as hyaline cartilagem

61
Q

during childhood and adolescence

A

-bone lengthen entirely by growth of epiphyseal plate
-cartilage is replaced with bone as quickly as it grows
-epiphyseal plates maintain constant thickness
-the entire bone lengthens

62
Q

simple fracture

A

the bones break cleanly but does not penetrate the skin

63
Q

compound fracture

A

the broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin

64
Q

comminuted facture

A

bone fragments into three or more pieces
-older age, lost mineral content

65
Q

compression fracture

A

bone is crushed
-more common in brittle

66
Q

spiral fracture

A

ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone
sports
debilitating, takes a long time to hear

67
Q

epiphyseal fracture

A

epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate
-tends to occur where cartilage cells are dying and calcification of the matrix is occuring

68
Q

depressed fracture

A

broken bone is pressed inward
-skull

69
Q

greenstick fracture

A

bone breaks incompletely, only one side breaks

anatomy (42 decks)

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