body wall Flashcards
external surface of the organisms, composed of ectoderm and mesoderm
body wall
thoracic body wall
surrounds thoracic cavity and organs
abdominal cavity
surrounds the abdominal (peritoneal cavity) and organs
the limbs, scrotum, and breasts are part of the
body wall
the body wall is accessory to
somites
what are muscles of the thoracic body wall
-intercostal muscles: external, internal, and innermost
-diaphragm
-serratus posterior superior
-serratus posterior inferior
thoracic muscles
describe the intercostal muscles
external: elevate the rib cage during inspiration
internal: depress the rib cage during expiration.
innermost: discontinuous, expiratory, decrease the volume of the ribcage
thoracic muscles
diaphragm
broad muscle that forms the floor of the thoracic cavity, chief respiratory muscle, flattens as it contracts to increase the volume to the thoracic cavity
thoracic muscles
serratus posterior superior
elevates the ribs, mostly proprioceptive in function
thoracic muscles
serratus posterior inferior
depress ribs, proprioreceptive in function
describe the other muscles of the thoracic body wall that do not have a function relating to the thoracic cavity
-pectoralis major
-pectoralis minor
-serratus anterior
-innervated by branches of brachial plexus, move the upper limbs
what are the muscles present in the abdominal wall
- external oblique: lateral
- internal oblique: lateral
- transverse oblique: lateral
-rectus abdominus: medial
what are the layers of the abdominal body wall
1.skin
2.carpers fascia- adipose CT
3. scarpas fascia- aereolar CT
4. external oblique
5.internal oblique
6. transverse abdominis
7. transversalis fascia
8. extraperitoneal fat
9. parietal peritoneum: serous cavity
10. rectus abdominis
what are the two vessels of the anterolateralabdominal body wall
-superior epigastric vessels: branches of internal thoracic vessels
-inferior epigastric vessels: branches of external iliac muscles
describe the pathway of the abdominal vessels
use the body wall to travel around it to reach the ventral side, very thin and small, have poor anterior blood supply
abdominal muscles
external oblique
-superficial muscle on the lateral side
-attachment: pelvis and ribs
-direction: fibers run superomedially, up and in or down and out. \\///
-action: flex and rotate the trunk, work with internal oblique, can bend on right or left side. when both fire at the same time they can bend forward
abdominal muscles
internal oblique
-attachment: pelvis and ribs
-direction: fibers run perpendicular to the external oblique, ///\\
-action: flex and rotates the trunk, works with external oblique
abdominal muscles
transverse abdominis
-attachment: has very little skeletal attachment
-direction: fibers run horizontally
-actions: no skeletal movement, keeps organs compressed
abdominal muscles
rectus abdominis
-attachment: pubic symphosis inferiorly and xiphoid process, and costal cartilages 5-6 superiorly
-paired muscles separated by linea alba
-contained within rectus sheath+ fused aponeuroses of 3 flat abdominal muscles
-direction: vertical up and down
-actions: flex the trunk, stabilize, and control the tilt of the pelvis. bends anteriorly
what are the major functions of the muscles in the abdomen
-support abdominopelvic contents
-protect abdominal viscera
-compress viscera to maintain or increase intra-abdominal pressure
-generate force necessary for defecation, micturition, and parturition
-produce anterior and lateral flexion and rotation of the trunk: helps with posture maintenance
inguinal canal
-passage formed in relation to gonadal descent during fetal development
where does the inguinal canal extend from?
extends from deep inguinal ring (entrance) to superficial inguinal ring (exit)
inguinal canal
-deep ring
formed by evagination of transversalis facia
inguinal canal
-superficial ring
external oblique aponeruosis
what are the contents of the inguinal canal
spermatic cord in males
round ligament of uterus in females
blood
lymphatic vessels
ilioinguinal nerve
describe the male inguinal canal
testes must pass through body wall via inguinal canal to scrotum
-guided by a gubernaculum
-testis descend: behind an evagination of peritoneum: processus vaginalis
gonads in both sexes originate from what part of the body wall?
dorsal body wall of lumbar region
describe the female inguinal canal
-ovaries descend behind fetal development but only to pelvis level. each ovary is guided by a gubernaculum.
-gubernaculum: becomes a round ligament of uterus and ovarian ligaments
-female inguinal canal: contrains round ligament of uterus and ilioinguinal nerve
hernia
a protrusion of abdominal contents out of abdominal cavity through a weak point in muscles abdominal wall.
-common: parietal peritoneum, parts of small intestine, and greater amentum
hernia sites:
-inguinal (above inguinal element)
-femoral (femoral canal)
-diaphragmatic -diaphram
-lumbar (lumbar triangle)
-umbilical (amphalocele)
direct congenital- inguinal hernia
-frequency: more common
-viscera pass lateral to epigastric vessels
-exit: from anterior abdominal wall; via the superficial inguinal ring inside the spermatic cord, commonly passing into scrotum/labium majus
-predisposing factors: a patent processes vaginalis in younger patients, mostly males
direct acquired inguinal hernia:
-frequency: less common
-viscera bulge through the abdominal wall; medial to inferior epigastric vessels
-exit from abdominal wall: herniating bowel passes via superficial inguinal ring lateral to spermatic cord; rarely enters scrotum
-predisposing factors: weakness of anterior abdominal wall in inguinal triangle
location of abdominal surgical incisions
type of orientation, location of organs, bony cartilage boundaries, avoid motor nerves, maintain blood supply, minimize injuries to muscles and fascia
goal of surgical incisions
split muscles between fibers rather than transcet muscles
-overlapping areas of innervation allow cutting, no sensory or motor loss
breasts
features to the body wall, situated superficial to the underlying skeletal muscle
breasts
-nipple
opening in the body wall through which milk is secreted
breasts
-areola
pigmented skin surrounding the nipple
breasts
-suspensory ligaments
CT that run from the underlying skeletal muscle to the overlying skin and support the breasts
breasts
-lobules
tissue composed of simple cuboidal epithelial; milk secreting cellsd
breasts
lactiferous ducts
milk passes from alveoli in the lobules through larger ducts until it reaches lactiferous ducts
breasts
lactiferous sinus
milk accumulates during nursing
scrotum
outpuching of the body wall
-has the same layers just different names
development fo the scrotum
develops from an embryological feature called the labio scrotal swelling
-contains the fascial and muscular layers homologus to the abdominal body wall
scrotum
dartos muscle
corrugates and wrinkles the skin of the scrotum
scrotum
cremaster muscle
elevates the testis
