alimentary canal

Question 1

2 categories of organs

Answer 1

alimentary canal (GI tract):
-mouth, pharynx, esophagus
-stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
accessory organs:
-teeth and mouth
-salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas

Question 2

bones of the chewing apparatus

Answer 2

mandible: lower jaw
maxilla: upper jaw, hard palate

Question 3

muscles of mastication and action

Answer 3

temporalis muscle: elevates mandible, retracts
masseter muscle: elevates mandible,
lateral pterygoid muscle: protracts mandible, lateral chewing motions
medial pterygoid muscle: elevates mandible
buccinator: compresses the cheeks

Question 4

innervation of muscles of mastication and buccinator

Answer 4

mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve CN V3
-buccinator: buccal branch of facial nerve

Question 5

accessory digestive organs in the oral cavity

Answer 5

-molars
salivary glands

Question 6

salivary glands

Answer 6

produce clear fluid
-assist oral cavity: keep oral mucosa moist and held prevent food decay
-assist digestion: moisten food and prepare for digestion, contain enzymes that can start the physiological digestion of starches (amylase)

Question 7

types of salivary glands

Answer 7

-parotid: largest salivary gland, located in front of the ear
-submandibular gland: lie along the body midline
-sublingual gland: smallest, sits deep to the tongue

Question 8

tongue location and function

Answer 8

oral cavity and oropharynx
primary muscle, taste, manipulation, taste, and speech

Question 9

extrinsic muscles of the tongue

Answer 9

-genioglossus: tongue protraction
-hypoglossus: tongue depression
-styloglossus: tongue retraction and elevation

Question 10

innervation of muscles of tongue

Answer 10

hypoglossal nerve (motor)

Question 11

intrinsic muscles:

Answer 11

change shape of the tongue

Question 12

pharynx

Answer 12

1. nasopharynx
2. oropharynx
3. laryngopharynx

Question 13

deglutition

Answer 13

process that transfers food bulus from the oral cavity through the oropharynx, into the pharync eventually through the esophagus into the mouth

Question 14

steps of swallowing

Answer 14

1. the bolus of food is squeezed to the back of the oral cavity by pushing the tongue against the palate
2. the nasopharynx is sealed off by the epiglottis and the larynx is elevated, enlarging the pharynx to recieve food
3. the pharyngeal constrictors contract and squeeze food into the esophagus
4. the bulus of food moves down the esophagus by peristaltic contractions

Question 15

innervation of the pharynx

Answer 15

vagus nerve

Question 16

epiglottis

Answer 16

cartilage that opens and closes the airway, prevents food bulus from entering the trachea during swallowing
composition: elastic cartilage covered by mucous membrane

Question 17

pharyngeal constrictors muscles

Answer 17

superior, middle, and inferior

Question 18

palatopharyngeus, salpingpharyngeus, and stylopharyngeus

Answer 18

elevate the pharynx during swallowing

Question 19

esophagus

Answer 19

function: muscular tube that propels swallowed food to the stomach
-begins as a cont of the pharynx
descends inferiorly through the thorax
-joins the stomach inferior to the diaphragm

Question 20

composition of esophagus

Answer 20

-voluntary muscle: striated, upper 1/3
-involuntary muscle: smooth muscle in the lower 1/3
-mixture: middle 1/3

Question 21

innervation of esophagus

Answer 21

vagus nerve and fibers from the cervical sympathetic trunk. motor, sensory, parasympathetic, sympathetic, and visceral sensory fibers present

Question 22

the esophagus pierces through the ______ and enters the ______

Answer 22

diaphragm
stomach

Question 23

stomach
location
function

Answer 23

superior left part of the peritoneal cavity
function: mechanical breakdown of food to chyme by peristalsis. chemical breakdown of proteins via acids and enzymes. (hydrochloric acid and pepsin).

Question 24

features of stomach

Answer 24

cardiac region: at the junction with esophagus
fundus: stomachs dome
pylorus: termination of the stomach
greater curvature: convex
lesser curvature: concave
rugae: longitudinal folds

Question 25

small intestine

Answer 25

tube that runs from the pyloric sphinctor of the stomach to the large intestine -longest part of the alimentary canal site of enzymatic digestion and all nutrient absorption

Question 26

what are the three subdivisions of the small intestine

Answer 26

1. duedenum: recieves digestive enzymes from the pancreas, bile from the liver and gallbladder 2. jejunum: has more blood supply; vasa recta 3. ileum:

Question 27

large intestine

Answer 27

last major organ of alimentary canal -function: absorption of water and electrolytes

Question 28

what is included in the large intestine

Answer 28

cecum, colon: ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid, rectum, and anal canal

Question 28

ascending and descending colon

Answer 28

secondarily retroperitoneal

Question 29

rectum

Answer 29

secondary retroperitoneal

Question 29

cecum, transverse colon, and sigmoid

Answer 29

intraperitoneal dialysis

Question 30

features of the large intestine

Answer 30

-teniae coli: 3 thick bands of longitudinal smooth muscle fibers -haustra: puches of the colon between the teniae -amental appendces: small, fatty appendices of visceral peritoneum -caliber: internal diameter

Question 31

large intestine rectum

Answer 31

terminal

Question 32

anal canal

Answer 32

last subdivision of large intestine

Question 33

anal canal internal anal sphincter

Answer 33

involuntary

Question 34

anal canal external anal sphincter

Answer 34

voluntary

Question 35

accessory organ : liver

Answer 35

largest internal organ and gland function: metabolic, storage of glycogen, bile secretion

Question 36

4 lobes of liver

Answer 36

right, left, caudate, quadrate

Question 37

liver porta hepatis

Answer 37

passage of hepatic portal vein , artery, ducts, nerve plexus, and lymphatics

Question 38

liver falciform ligament

Answer 38

binds the liver to the anterior ab wall

Question 39

liver round ligament

Answer 39

ligamentum teres extends from the umbilicus to the lover, remnant of umbilical vein that carries oxy blood from thee placenta to the fetus

Question 40

ligamentum venosum

Answer 40

cord like remnant of ductus venosus; shunted blood from the umb vein to the IVC

Question 41

segmentation of the liver

Answer 41

8 segments, supplied by a branch of the right and left hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein and drained by a branch of the right or left hepatic duct

Question 42

gallbladder

Answer 42

muscular sac stores and concentrates bile by absorbing water and salts, expels bile into the duodenum

Question 43

right and left hepatic ducts drain

Answer 43

the right and left portal lobes of the liver

Question 44

right and left hepatic unite and form

Answer 44

common hepatic ductt

Question 45

the common hepatic duct is joined by the ______ and forms ______

Answer 45

cystic duct bile duct

Question 46

accessory: pancreas

Answer 46

location: lies retroperitoneally, in the C shaped curve of the duodenum function: digests sugars

Question 47

the main pancreatic duct:

Answer 47

joins the bile duct from the gallbladder and both empty in the duodenum