urinary system Flashcards
location of the kidneys
posterior abdomen behind peritoneum
lower thoracic and lumbar region
paranephric fat
located external to renal fascia, the extraperitoneal fat of the lumbar region most obvious to the kidneys
renal fascia
a membranous layer that encloses the kidneys, suprarenal glands, and perinephric fat
perinephric fat
surrounds the kidneys and the vessels
suprarenal glands
location: positioned between the diaphragm and superomedial aspects of the kidneys, enclosed by renal fascia
right gland: contact the liver and the IVC
left gland: contacts the stomach, spleen, pancreas, and
which vertebrae are the kidneys located around
lateral to T12-L3 vertebrae
hilum of kidney
the concave surface of the kidney where vessels and nerves exit
-renal vein, renal artery, renal pelvis, renal ureter
kidney
medulla
consists of renal pyramids which contain urine collecting tubes
function: processes, concentrates, and returns water
kidney
cortex
composed of nephrons
-function: urine production through filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
kidney
minor and major calices and the renal pelvis
drain urine into the ureters
-collection system, pushes out of kidneys to the bladder
kidney
renal artery
arise at the IV disk level between L1 and L2;located posterior to the renal pelvis
-divide close to the hilum into 5 segmental end arteries-vessels that to not significantly anastamose with other segmental arteries, so the area supplied by each segmental artery is an independent renal segment
kidney
renal vein
the longer left renal vein passes anterior to the aorta, drains into the IVC
kidneys
capillaries
filtration site
-have an opening to let water out, don’t let platelets escape and RBC
where does urine production occur
occurs at the nephrons, have two parts corpuscles and tubules
corpuscles
site of filtration
tubules
resorption and secretion, take water out and push to venous side
the nephron is lined with _____________ adapted for allowing the three processes of urine production to occur
simple epithelium
urine excretion
urine enters the _________
renal pelvis
urine excretion
what are the structures urine passes through when leaving
minor-major calices-renal pelvis-bladder
ureters
a pair of muscular ducts extending from the renal pelvis to the bladder
the ureters have a _______ to prevent backflow of urine as any increase in pressure within the bladder compresses its wall and closes the distal ureters
oblique entry into the bladder
where are the 3 constriction sites of the ureters:
- junction within the renal pelvis
- site of crossing the pelvic brim
- passage through the bladder wall
how many layers of smooth muscle is the bladder composed of
3 layers
what is the added layer of smooth muscle
detrusor muscle, strong
what are the main parts of the bladder
apex, fundus, body, and neck
function of bladder
stores and expels urine
location of the empty bladder
lies within the lesser pelvis
location of the filled bladder
ascends into the extraperitoneal fatty tissue of the anterior abdominal wall and enters the greater pelvis
involuntary internal urethral sphincter
muscle fibers; neck portion
only present in males
fibers are in female but the sphincter isnt formed
urethra
tube that extends from the bladder to the exterior part of the body
female urethra
-short
-passes from the internal urethral orifice of urinary bladder- external urethral orifice in the vestibule of vagina
female urethra
trigone
smooth triangular region defined by the urethral orifices and the internal urethral orifice
male urethra
-longer in length
what are the 4 regions of the male urethra
- intramural (proprostatic): surrounded by an internal urethral sphincter composed of sympathetically innervated smooth muscle
- prostatic urethra: passes through the prostate gland
- intermediate (membranous) urethra: surrounded by the somatically innervated external urethral sphincter
- spongy (penile) urethra: passes through the length of the penis
why are women more prone to suffering from a UTI
- women have a short urethra: bacteria from the outside has to travel less to reach the bladder
- placement of urethra: womens urethra is located more closely to the anus where e. coli reside.
- sexual contact: the urethra meatus is located close to the vaginal canal and bacteria can be easily introduced through sexual contact
- the skin of the perineum is sensitive to infection
- contraception such as spermicide can throw off a persons natural bacteria
effects of sympathetic stimulation
-vasoconstriction of renal vessels slows urine formation
-internal sphincter of bladder contracted to maintain urinary continence
-constricts blood flow to the kidneys
effects of parasympathetic stimulation
-inhibits contraction of internal sphincter of bladder
-contracts detrusor muscle of bladder wall, causing urination
-increases blood flow to the kidneys
where do nerves from the kidneys and ureters arise form
renal nerve plexus
the renal nerve plexus consists of the
sympathetic, parasympathetic, and visceral sensory fibers
the renal nerve plexus is supplied by
fibers of the abdominopelvi splanchnic nerves
pylonephritis
infection of the kidney that spreads from the renal pelvis and calyces to the entire kidney
-cause: bacteria
renal transplantation
site for the transplanted kidney is the iliac fossa of the greater pelvis
renal and ureteric calculi
excessive distension of the ureter due to a renal calculus (kidney stones)
-pain may be referred to the lumbar or inguinal regions, proximal anterior thigh, and internal genitalia
