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anatomy > urinary system > Flashcards

urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

location of the kidneys

A

posterior abdomen behind peritoneum
lower thoracic and lumbar region

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2
Q

paranephric fat

A

located external to renal fascia, the extraperitoneal fat of the lumbar region most obvious to the kidneys

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3
Q

renal fascia

A

a membranous layer that encloses the kidneys, suprarenal glands, and perinephric fat

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4
Q

perinephric fat

A

surrounds the kidneys and the vessels

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5
Q

suprarenal glands

A

location: positioned between the diaphragm and superomedial aspects of the kidneys, enclosed by renal fascia
right gland: contact the liver and the IVC
left gland: contacts the stomach, spleen, pancreas, and

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6
Q

which vertebrae are the kidneys located around

A

lateral to T12-L3 vertebrae

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7
Q

hilum of kidney

A

the concave surface of the kidney where vessels and nerves exit
-renal vein, renal artery, renal pelvis, renal ureter

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8
Q

kidney
medulla

A

consists of renal pyramids which contain urine collecting tubes
function: processes, concentrates, and returns water

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9
Q

kidney
cortex

A

composed of nephrons
-function: urine production through filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.

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10
Q

kidney
minor and major calices and the renal pelvis

A

drain urine into the ureters
-collection system, pushes out of kidneys to the bladder

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11
Q

kidney
renal artery

A

arise at the IV disk level between L1 and L2;located posterior to the renal pelvis
-divide close to the hilum into 5 segmental end arteries-vessels that to not significantly anastamose with other segmental arteries, so the area supplied by each segmental artery is an independent renal segment

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12
Q

kidney
renal vein

A

the longer left renal vein passes anterior to the aorta, drains into the IVC

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13
Q

kidneys
capillaries

A

filtration site
-have an opening to let water out, don’t let platelets escape and RBC

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14
Q

where does urine production occur

A

occurs at the nephrons, have two parts corpuscles and tubules

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15
Q

corpuscles

A

site of filtration

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16
Q

tubules

A

resorption and secretion, take water out and push to venous side

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17
Q

the nephron is lined with _____________ adapted for allowing the three processes of urine production to occur

A

simple epithelium

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18
Q

urine excretion
urine enters the _________

A

renal pelvis

19
Q

urine excretion
what are the structures urine passes through when leaving

A

minor-major calices-renal pelvis-bladder

20
Q

ureters

A

a pair of muscular ducts extending from the renal pelvis to the bladder

21
Q

the ureters have a _______ to prevent backflow of urine as any increase in pressure within the bladder compresses its wall and closes the distal ureters

A

oblique entry into the bladder

22
Q

where are the 3 constriction sites of the ureters:

A
  1. junction within the renal pelvis
  2. site of crossing the pelvic brim
  3. passage through the bladder wall
23
Q

how many layers of smooth muscle is the bladder composed of

A

3 layers

24
Q

what is the added layer of smooth muscle

A

detrusor muscle, strong

25
Q

what are the main parts of the bladder

A

apex, fundus, body, and neck

26
Q

function of bladder

A

stores and expels urine

27
Q

location of the empty bladder

A

lies within the lesser pelvis

28
Q

location of the filled bladder

A

ascends into the extraperitoneal fatty tissue of the anterior abdominal wall and enters the greater pelvis

29
Q

involuntary internal urethral sphincter

A

muscle fibers; neck portion
only present in males
fibers are in female but the sphincter isnt formed

30
Q

urethra

A

tube that extends from the bladder to the exterior part of the body

31
Q

female urethra

A

-short
-passes from the internal urethral orifice of urinary bladder- external urethral orifice in the vestibule of vagina

32
Q

female urethra
trigone

A

smooth triangular region defined by the urethral orifices and the internal urethral orifice

33
Q

male urethra

A

-longer in length

34
Q

what are the 4 regions of the male urethra

A
  1. intramural (proprostatic): surrounded by an internal urethral sphincter composed of sympathetically innervated smooth muscle
  2. prostatic urethra: passes through the prostate gland
  3. intermediate (membranous) urethra: surrounded by the somatically innervated external urethral sphincter
  4. spongy (penile) urethra: passes through the length of the penis
35
Q

why are women more prone to suffering from a UTI

A
  1. women have a short urethra: bacteria from the outside has to travel less to reach the bladder
  2. placement of urethra: womens urethra is located more closely to the anus where e. coli reside.
  3. sexual contact: the urethra meatus is located close to the vaginal canal and bacteria can be easily introduced through sexual contact
  4. the skin of the perineum is sensitive to infection
  5. contraception such as spermicide can throw off a persons natural bacteria
36
Q

effects of sympathetic stimulation

A

-vasoconstriction of renal vessels slows urine formation
-internal sphincter of bladder contracted to maintain urinary continence
-constricts blood flow to the kidneys

37
Q

effects of parasympathetic stimulation

A

-inhibits contraction of internal sphincter of bladder
-contracts detrusor muscle of bladder wall, causing urination
-increases blood flow to the kidneys

38
Q

where do nerves from the kidneys and ureters arise form

A

renal nerve plexus

39
Q

the renal nerve plexus consists of the

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic, and visceral sensory fibers

40
Q

the renal nerve plexus is supplied by

A

fibers of the abdominopelvi splanchnic nerves

41
Q

pylonephritis

A

infection of the kidney that spreads from the renal pelvis and calyces to the entire kidney
-cause: bacteria

42
Q

renal transplantation

A

site for the transplanted kidney is the iliac fossa of the greater pelvis

43
Q

renal and ureteric calculi

A

excessive distension of the ureter due to a renal calculus (kidney stones)
-pain may be referred to the lumbar or inguinal regions, proximal anterior thigh, and internal genitalia

anatomy (42 decks)

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