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anatomy > respiratory system > Flashcards

respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the respiratory system

A

conduction of inspired air, pulmonary ventilation (gas exchange)

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2
Q

what are the main organs involved in the respiratory system

A

-nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses
-pharynx, larynx, and trachea
-bronchi and their smaller branches
-lungs and alveoli

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3
Q

describe the conducting zone: provide air to the lungs

A
  1. main primary bronchi
  2. lobar bronchi
    3.segmental bronchi
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4
Q

describe the components of the respiratory zone: gas exchange

A

-bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and sacs

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5
Q

nose functions

A

-airway of respiration
-filtration of inhaled air
-moistening and warming of air
-resonating chamber for speech; tone
-the site of olfactory receptors; smell is only accomplished through the nasal cavity- 1st cranial nerve

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6
Q

paranasal sinuses: functions

A

-space in the skill filled with air
-lined with mucous membrane: can trap vires but also fill with fluid and cause infections
-lighten the weight of the skull

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7
Q

what is the pharynx

A

a muscular passageway connecting the nasal and oral cavities superiorly to the larynx and esophagus inferiorly

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8
Q

what are the 3 divisions of the pharynx

A

-nasopharynx: posterior to the nasal cavity and superior to the oral cavity. only an air passageway, closes during swallowing.
-oropharynx: located posterior to the oral cavity. a common passage for food and air.
-laryngopharynx: behind the larynx, a joint passageway for food and air. continuous with the esophagus and larynx.

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9
Q

describe the structure of the larynx

A

a framework of 9 cartilages connected by ligaments and membranes

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10
Q

what are the functions of the larynx

A

-voice production
-open airway
-mechanism of directing air and food into their proper channels- the trachea and esophagus.

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11
Q

what is close to the larynx and helps prevent food and liquids from entering lower respiratory channels.

A

epiglottis

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12
Q

the larynx is suspended form

A

the hyoid bone: free floating bone

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13
Q

the larynx is enclosed laterally by

A

the pharynx

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14
Q

the larynx is inferiorly continuous with the

A

the trachea

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15
Q

what is the function of the trachea and where does it descend from

A

wind pipe
-descends from the larynx through the neck and into the mediastinum (space behind the great vessel), where it ends by dividing to the two main (primary bronchi)

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16
Q

main (primary ) bronchi

A

largest sub divisions, enter the lungs, one on each side

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17
Q

lobar (secondary) bronchi

A

-3 on right side of the right lung
-2 on left side of the left lung

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18
Q

segmentary (tertiary) bronchi

A

branch into each lung segment (bronchopulmonary segment) one on each segment

19
Q

bronchioles

A

small bronch

20
Q

branching of the bronchial tree

A

14 total branches
-main bronchi
-lobar bronchi
-segmentary bronchi
-bronchioles

21
Q

foreign bodies are more likely to enter the right lung because

A

it is wider, larger, and runs verticle

22
Q

bronchopulmonary segment

A

portion of the lungs that is consistent to each individual, function independently.

23
Q

what is the respiratory zone

A

the terminal part of the respiratory tree where gas exchange takes place

24
Q

where does gas exchange occur?

A

in the alveoli, pressure pushes oxygen on epithelium and forces gas exchange
-also includes innervation, capillaries and lymphatics around the alveoli

25
Q

describe the serous membrane of the lungs

A

-pleura: a double layered sac that surrounds each lung
-parietal pleura: lines the pleural cavities, innermost, inside the body wall
-visceral pleura: covers the lungs
-parietal cavity: space between the parietal and visceral layers of the pleura, where the lungs reside

26
Q

where is the serous fluid in the pleural cavity?

A

lies in the inferior portion, lubricates
-the lungs never 100% fill the pleural cavity

27
Q

right lung

A

-has 3 lobes and is separated by an oblique and horizontal fissure, larger

28
Q

left lung

A

2 lobes, separated by an oblique fissure, cardiac notch: where the hit sits
-the heart sits on the left side, leaving less room for the left lung

29
Q

the lungs have elastic CT that

A

acts like a sponge and leaves impressions on the lungs

30
Q

what are the two phases of ventilation

A

-inspiration: period when air flows into the lungs
-exhalation: period when gases exit the lungs

31
Q

during inspiration, increasing the volume by enlarging the dimensions of the thorax does what to air pressure

A

decreases air pressure within it, causes air to flow inside

32
Q

air moves from an area of ________ pressure to and area of __________ pressure

A

-higher
-lower

33
Q

inspiration
-what happens to the diaphragm?

A

the diaphragm contracts and moves inferiorly (down), increases V of thoracic cavity

34
Q

inspiration
-what happens to the external intercostal muscles?

A

contract to raise the ribs which enlarge both the lateral and the anterior/posterior dimensions. also stiffen the wall

35
Q

inspiration
-if the wall is not stiffened, the thorax would

A

just change shape and not increase in volume

36
Q

inspiration
-dimensions where thoracic volume increases

A

-vertical dimension (height): diaphragm contract and descends. up and down
-anteroposterior dimension: increases front and back, pump handle movement
-transverse dimension: lateral increase, bucket handle movement

37
Q

diaphragm structure

A

skeletal muscle, flat, originates off the body wall, pulls against itself

38
Q

innervation of the diaphragm

A

receives somatic motor and sensory innervation from phrenic nerves (C3, C5). centrally, and intercostal nerves peripherally (sensory innvervatin)

39
Q

blood supply of the diaphragm

A

from the musculophrenic and pericardiophrenic arteries (branches of the internal thoracic artery

40
Q

IVC, esophagus, and aorta spatial relationship with the diaphragm

A

the IVC and esophagus go through the diaphragm
the aorta runs behind, avoid cutting blood flow.

41
Q

what are the two phases of expiration

A

-passive expiration
-forced expiration

42
Q

expiration
-passive expiration

A

the diaphragm relaxes, moving superiorly while the ribcage drops down slightly, not forceful, external intercostals relax
-relaxation of the external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm decrease volume and increase air pressure

43
Q

expiration
-forced expiration

A

the abdominal wall muscles work together to increase intra-abdominal pressure, forcing the diaphragm superiorly. also the muscles of the abdominal wall depress the ribcage, decreasing thoracic volume

44
Q

expiration
-forced expiration involves

A

internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles
-the abdominal muscles push the organs up

anatomy (42 decks)

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