muscular; vert and back

Question 1

skeletal muscles function

Answer 1

attached to skeleton, generate forces to cause movement or counter external forces such as gravity; locomotion

Question 2

characteristics of skeletal muscles

Answer 2

protect joints and organs
-maintain posture and balance
-innervated my somatic nervous system

Question 3

muscle attachment

Answer 3

most skeletal muscles run from one bone to another; one bone moves, while the other remains fixed

Question 4

origin or proximal attachment

Answer 4

less moveable, closer to lime; from

Question 5

insertion or distal attachment

Answer 5

more moveable; to
-when a muscle contracts its insertion is pulled toward its origin

Question 6

muscles attach to their origins and insertions via

Answer 6

strong fibrous CT that extend to the peristeum of the bone

Question 7

direct attachment

Answer 7

short CT fibers

Question 8

indirect attchment

Answer 8

CT extends beyond end of muscle fibers to form a :
-chordlike tendon (concentrated force in a limited area)
-flat aponeurosis sheet (spreads force over a wide area)

Question 9

what are the three types of muscle contractions

Answer 9

-isometric
-concentric
-eccentric

Question 10

isometric contraction

Answer 10

no change in muscle length, no movement=stabilize

Question 11

concentric contraction

Answer 11

muscle shorts during movement; flex

Question 12

eccentric contraction

Answer 12

muscle lengthens during movement

Question 13

muscles can cross over one or

Answer 13

more joints

Question 14

prime mover (agonist)

Answer 14

muscles primarily responsible for movement
-ex, biceps bronchi is agonist in forearm flexion and brachialis

Question 15

antagonist

Answer 15

muscle performs the opposite movement to the agonist; help stabilize and control
-ex. triceps are antagonist in forearm flexion at elbow joint

Question 16

synergist

Answer 16

-compliments the action of the agonist
-counteracts unwanted movements
-ex. when biceps contract, it flexes the forearm at elbow but also supinates it; pronators may be needed to counteract the suppination

Question 17

vert column overview

Answer 17

-26 bones in the adult
-transmits the weight of trunk to the lower limbs
-surrounds and protects the spinal cord
-serves as an attachment site for muscles of the neck and back

Question 18

ligaments of the vert column

Answer 18

-posterior longitudinal ligament
-anterior longitudinal ligament
-ligamentum flava

Question 19

posterior longitudinal ligament

Answer 19

narrow ligament running within the vertebral canal. the ligament resists hyperflexion of the vertebral column and helps prevent posterior herniation of the nucleus pulpous, it is well innervated with pain endings

Question 20

anterior longitudinal ligaments

Answer 20

long, broad band that connects the anterolateral aspects of the vertebral bodies and discs. connects the occipital bone to the sacrum. this ligament prevents hyperextension of the vert and stabilizes joints between vert. bodies

Question 21

ligamentum flava

Answer 21

connect the lamina of adjoining vertebra.resist separation of the vert lamina by limiting flexion. found between.

Question 22

intervertebral discs

Answer 22

has fibrocartilage
cushion like pads between vertebrae
act as shock absorbers
composed of nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrous

Question 23

nucleus pulposes

Answer 23

gelatinous inner sphere of the disc
enables the spine to absorb shocks
maleable

Question 24

analus fibrosus

Answer 24

an outer collar of ligaments and fibrocartilage; outer ring
functions to find vertebrae together, resist tension, and absorb shock

Question 25

cervical vertebral region

Answer 25

greatest range of variety of movement of all. small in size, less weight than the rest

Question 26

thoracic vertebrae

Answer 26

provide attachment for ribs

Question 27

lumbar vertebrae

Answer 27

bear majority of weight of the body. has a large vert. body. little rotation

Question 28

sacral vertebrae

Answer 28

five fused vertebrae. connects to pelvis. weight moves to lower limb

Question 29

coccyx

Answer 29

four fused vertebrae, remnant of the tail. no weight but can when sitting

Question 30

thoracic and sacral curvatures:

Answer 30

primary convex posteriorly

Question 31

cervical and lumbar curves

Answer 31

secondary concave posteriorly

Question 32

structure of vertebrae
body

Answer 32

centrum; weight bearing

Question 33

structure of vertebrae
vertebral arch

Answer 33

attach back muscles

Question 34

structure of vertebrae
vertebral foramen

Answer 34

opening made from the body and arch, spinal cord runs

Question 35

structure of vertebrae
arch makes

Answer 35

2 pedicles and 2 lamina

Question 36

structure of vertebrae
spinous process

Answer 36

projects posteriorly

Question 37

structure of vertebrae
2 transverse process

Answer 37

project laterally

Question 38

atlas-C1

Answer 38

lacks a body and spinous process
supports the skull
flexion and extension of the neck

Question 39

axis-C2

Answer 39

has a body and spinous process
dens: formed as a result of fusion. between atlas and axis, acts as a pivot for rotation. shake side to side “no”

Question 40

cervical vertebrae

Answer 40

-seven C1-C7; smallest and highest
typical 3-7
transverse process contain transverse foramina: for passage of the vertebral blood vessels

Question 41

thoracic facet

Answer 41

all articulate with ribs, some movement

Question 42

lumbar vertebrae

Answer 42

bodies are thick and robust
movement: flexion and extension
little rotation

Question 43

sacrum

Answer 43

shapes the posterioir wall of teh pelvis
-superior surface articulates with L7
inferiorly articulates with the coccyx