WBCs Flashcards
What are the different types of leukocytosis?
Neutrophilia
(neutrophilic leukocytosis)
Lymphocytosis
Monocytosis
Eosinophilia
Basophilia
What are the different types of leukopenia?
Neutropenia
Lymphopenia
Monocytopenia
Eosinopenia
What are the 3 steps for cells to leave blood vessels?
Marginalisation
Adhesion
Migration
Give examples of factors that can produce a shift of cells from the marginal to circulating pool of blood vessels?
Epinephrine
Glucocorticoids
Infection
Stress
Give examples of causes of neutrophilia
Inflammation:
- infection, immune mediated anaemia, necrosis
Steroid:
- stress, steroid therapy, HAC
Physiological:
- epinephrine
- fight or flight
Chronic neutrophil leukaemia
Paraneoplastic
give examples of different mechanisms of neutrophilia
Increased release of marrow storage into pool cells - acute infection, hypoxia
Demargination of neutrophils - acute infection, epinephrine, glucocorticoids
Decreased extravasation into tissues - glucocorticoids
expansion of marrow precursor pool - chronic inflammation, tumlurs
Describe neutrophil left shift
Increased number of immature neutrophils in blood stream
What is regenerative left shift
Segmented (mature)>immature
Neutrophils ↑
What is degenerative left shift
Immature>segmented
Neutrophils ↔ ↓ or (↑)
Describe right shift
Neutrophils remain in circulation and become hypersegmented/hypermature
How do glucocorticoids cause right shift?
Glucocoticoids down-regulate adhesion molecules, less neutrophils leave the circulation to die, aged cells remain in circulation
What is neutrophil toxic change
rapid neutropoiesis
Usually a severe bacterial infection
Describe the changes to neutrophils that undergo toxic change
Foamy cytoplasm (dispersed organelles)
Diffuse cytoplasmic basophilia
Dohle Bodies (focal blue-grey cytoplasmic structures)
Asynchronous nuclear maturation
Identify the different types of neutrophil
A. Normal mature Neutrophil
B. Toxic neutrophil
C. Normal Band Neutrophil
D. Toxic Band Neutrophil
What is a heterophil?
Cells that are functionally equivalent to neutrophils in birds, rabbits and reptiles
Give examples of causes neutropenia
Inflammation
Decreased production:
- infection
- toxicity
- neoplasia
- marrow necrosis
- myelofibrosis
Immune mediated
Describe the interpretation of neutropenia in acute inflammation in dogs, cats, horses and cows
Why is neutropenia common in cows during inflammation?
Low marrow reserve and slow regenerative capacity
Describe the order of progression of cytopenia when there is marrow disruption
Describe the features of a reactive lymphocyte
More cytoplasm
more cytoplasm basophilia
Perinuclear halo
Prominent golgi zone
larger, eccentric, cleaved nucleus
Larger cells
Give examples of causes of lymphocytosis
Physiological: catecholamine mediated via splenic contraction
Chronic inflammation:
- chronic antigenic stimulation
young animals and recent vaccination
Lymphoproliferative disorder (e.g., FeLV)
Hypoadrenocorticism (glucocorticoids inhibit lymphocytes)
Give examples of causes of lymphopenia
Stress/steroid:
- glucocorticoids shift lymphocytes out of circulation and stimulates lymphocytolysis
Acute inflammation:
- migration to inflamed tissue and homing to LNs
Loss of lymph:
- chylothorax
Cytotoxic drugs
Radiation
Immunodeficiency
Lymphoma
What is the function of monocytes/macrophages?
monocytes differentiate into macrophages occurs when they enter tissues – take on a more spindle like appearance
Responsible for phagocytosis => release of immune mediators e.g., cytokines
Give examples of causes of monocytosis
Inflammation:
- chronic
- necrosis
Steroid/stress:
- glucococorticoids
- HAC
Monocytic/myelomonocytic leukaemia
give examples of causes of eosinophilia
hypersensit4ivity
parasitism
hypoadrenocorticism
paraneoplastic (e.g., mast cells)
Give examples of causes of eosinopenia
glucocorticoids
stress
inflammation
Describe the presence of basophils in blood
Extremely rare traffic from blood to tissue – will almost never find on blood smears
Describe the appearance of basophils
What can cause presence of nucleated RBCs?
regenerative anaemias
lead toxicity
Extramedullary haematopoiesis
Splenic contraction
Damaged marrow
erythroleukemia
Describe the change in blood concentrations due to steroids/stress
Glucocorticoids=>
- mature neutrophilia
- lymphopenia
- eosinopenia
- +/- monocytosis
What is the change in blood concentration due to excitement?
Catecholamine=>
- mature neutrophilia
- lymphocytosis
- resolves within hours
