WBCs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different types of leukocytosis?

A

Neutrophilia
(neutrophilic leukocytosis)
Lymphocytosis
Monocytosis
Eosinophilia
Basophilia

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2
Q

What are the different types of leukopenia?

A

Neutropenia
Lymphopenia
Monocytopenia
Eosinopenia

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3
Q

What are the 3 steps for cells to leave blood vessels?

A

Marginalisation
Adhesion
Migration

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4
Q

Give examples of factors that can produce a shift of cells from the marginal to circulating pool of blood vessels?

A

Epinephrine
Glucocorticoids
Infection
Stress

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5
Q

Give examples of causes of neutrophilia

A

Inflammation:
- infection, immune mediated anaemia, necrosis
Steroid:
- stress, steroid therapy, HAC
Physiological:
- epinephrine
- fight or flight
Chronic neutrophil leukaemia
Paraneoplastic

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6
Q

give examples of different mechanisms of neutrophilia

A

Increased release of marrow storage into pool cells - acute infection, hypoxia
Demargination of neutrophils - acute infection, epinephrine, glucocorticoids
Decreased extravasation into tissues - glucocorticoids
expansion of marrow precursor pool - chronic inflammation, tumlurs

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7
Q

Describe neutrophil left shift

A

Increased number of immature neutrophils in blood stream

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8
Q

What is regenerative left shift

A

Segmented (mature)>immature
Neutrophils ↑

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9
Q

What is degenerative left shift

A

Immature>segmented
Neutrophils ↔ ↓ or (↑)

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10
Q

Describe right shift

A

Neutrophils remain in circulation and become hypersegmented/hypermature

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11
Q

How do glucocorticoids cause right shift?

A

Glucocoticoids down-regulate adhesion molecules, less neutrophils leave the circulation to die, aged cells remain in circulation

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12
Q

What is neutrophil toxic change

A

rapid neutropoiesis
Usually a severe bacterial infection

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13
Q

Describe the changes to neutrophils that undergo toxic change

A

Foamy cytoplasm (dispersed organelles)
Diffuse cytoplasmic basophilia
Dohle Bodies (focal blue-grey cytoplasmic structures)
Asynchronous nuclear maturation

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14
Q

Identify the different types of neutrophil

A

A. Normal mature Neutrophil
B. Toxic neutrophil
C. Normal Band Neutrophil
D. Toxic Band Neutrophil

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15
Q

What is a heterophil?

A

Cells that are functionally equivalent to neutrophils in birds, rabbits and reptiles

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16
Q

Give examples of causes neutropenia

A

Inflammation
Decreased production:
- infection
- toxicity
- neoplasia
- marrow necrosis
- myelofibrosis
Immune mediated

17
Q

Describe the interpretation of neutropenia in acute inflammation in dogs, cats, horses and cows

18
Q

Why is neutropenia common in cows during inflammation?

A

Low marrow reserve and slow regenerative capacity

19
Q

Describe the order of progression of cytopenia when there is marrow disruption

20
Q

Describe the features of a reactive lymphocyte

A

More cytoplasm
more cytoplasm basophilia
Perinuclear halo
Prominent golgi zone
larger, eccentric, cleaved nucleus
Larger cells

21
Q

Give examples of causes of lymphocytosis

A

Physiological: catecholamine mediated via splenic contraction
Chronic inflammation:
- chronic antigenic stimulation
young animals and recent vaccination
Lymphoproliferative disorder (e.g., FeLV)
Hypoadrenocorticism (glucocorticoids inhibit lymphocytes)

22
Q

Give examples of causes of lymphopenia

A

Stress/steroid:
- glucocorticoids shift lymphocytes out of circulation and stimulates lymphocytolysis
Acute inflammation:
- migration to inflamed tissue and homing to LNs
Loss of lymph:
- chylothorax
Cytotoxic drugs
Radiation
Immunodeficiency
Lymphoma

23
Q

What is the function of monocytes/macrophages?

A

monocytes differentiate into macrophages occurs when they enter tissues – take on a more spindle like appearance
Responsible for phagocytosis => release of immune mediators e.g., cytokines

24
Q

Give examples of causes of monocytosis

A

Inflammation:
- chronic
- necrosis
Steroid/stress:
- glucococorticoids
- HAC
Monocytic/myelomonocytic leukaemia

25
give examples of causes of eosinophilia
hypersensit4ivity parasitism hypoadrenocorticism paraneoplastic (e.g., mast cells)
26
Give examples of causes of eosinopenia
glucocorticoids stress inflammation
27
Describe the presence of basophils in blood
Extremely rare traffic from blood to tissue – will almost never find on blood smears
28
Describe the appearance of basophils
29
What can cause presence of nucleated RBCs?
regenerative anaemias lead toxicity Extramedullary haematopoiesis Splenic contraction Damaged marrow erythroleukemia
30
Describe the change in blood concentrations due to steroids/stress
Glucocorticoids=> - mature neutrophilia - lymphopenia - eosinopenia - +/- monocytosis
31
What is the change in blood concentration due to excitement?
Catecholamine=> - mature neutrophilia - lymphocytosis - resolves within hours