Reproductive Pathology in the female Flashcards
What are the 3 sequential series of events that occur during normal sexual development?
- Establishment of sex chromosomes (at fertilization). XX or XY. The Gene Sex Determining region on Y (SRY) is the testis determining gene.
- Modelling of embryonic gonadal tissue.
- Controlled, programmed regression and growth of different parts of the indifferent tubular and external genital tissues (the female or male phenotype). This is referred to as the establishment of genital phenotype.
What is the classification of DSD (disorders of sexual development) based on?
whether the karyotype (complete set of chromosomes) is abnormal or normal
What assessments are required for classification of DSDs?
- sex chromosomes and the presence or absence of genes such as the sex determining region of the Y chromosome (SRY),
- gonadal type
- genital phenotype
What are the most common DSDs?
normal females with a minor anomaly, such as cystic remnants of ducts or tubules.
What is the classification of a normal female with a minor anomaly, such as cystic remnants of ducts or tubules?
XX SRY- ovarian DSD female
What is chimerism?
A chimera is an organism whose cells are derived from two or more zygotes
e.g., bovine freematinism
What is a true hermaphrodite?
The karyotype is more often XX.
Histological evidence of ovarian and testicular tissue (E.g. ovotestis).
Ambiguity of external or internal genitalia or both.
What is a male pseudohermaphrodite
The karyotype is XY.
gonads are recognisable as testis.
Incompletely masculinised and ambiguous external and internal genitalia.
What is a female pseudohermaphrodite?
The karyotype is XX.
Feminine (ambiguous in a few cases) internal genitalia, masculinised external genitalia.
Give examples of ovarian pathologies
Ovotestis
ovarian/paraovarian cysts
Neoplasms
Give examples of ovarian cysts
follicular cysts and luteinized cysts
cystic rete ovarii
cysts of the subsurface epithelial structures (SES).
Give examples of paraovarian cysts
cystic epoophoron or paroophoron (cysts of mesonephric tubules)
hydatids of Morgagni (cysts of paramesonephric ducts)
cyst of mesonephric duct.
Give examples of ovarian neoplasms
Sex cord-stromal tumours: granulosa cells tumours, thecoma, luteoma
Tumours of the surface of the epithelium: papillary and cystic adenoma and adenocarcinomas
Germ cell tumours: teratoma, dysgerminoma
Describe the features of sex cord-stromal tumours of the ovary
Granulosa cell tumour most common - usually benign
Describe the gross structure of sex cord-stromal tumours of the ovary
Typically large
Multinodular or symmetrical
Uni or bi lateral
Include solid and cystic areas
Can have scattered areas of haemorrhagic necrosis
Describe the histopathology of sex cord-stromal tumours of the ovary
Variety of patterns: solid sheets, islands, cord, trabeculae, nests
Call Exner bodies
What tumour is this?
Granulosa cell tumour
What can be seen here?
Call Exner Bodies
Give examples of congenital lesions of the uterus
Segmental aplasia
Mesonephric cysts
What is the cause of inflammatory disorders of the uterus?
result of ascending infection when the cervix is open, at oestrus, parturition, or during the postpartum period
Uterine resistance varies during the oestrous cycle, susceptibility being greatest during the luteal phase of the cycle
What are the different types of inflammatory disorders of the uterus?
Endometritis: . Inflammation limited in extent to the endometrium
Metritis: involvement of the entire thickness of the wall
Pyometra: acute or chronic suppurative infection of the uterus with accumulation of pus in the uterine lumen.
Give examples of neoplasms of the uterus
smooth muscle tumours (leiomyoma)
Endometrial carcinoma in cows
Give examples of neoplasms of the external genitalia
Smooth muscle tumors (leiomyoma)
Canine transmissible venereal tumour
squamous cell carcinoma
Fibropapilloma of the vulva in the cattle.
Give examples of possible mammary gland pathologies
Mastitis
Mammary tumours
Describe mastitis in cows
Typically due to ascending infection of the gland
Bacteria most common pathogens
streptococcus agalactiae and staphylococcus aureus are obligate parasites of the gland
Majority of infections are opportunistic (E.coli, enterobacteria erc.)
Describe benign mammary tumours
Typically have an epithelial (adenoma) and mixed myoepithelial/mesenchymal component
Describe mammary carcinomas in dogs
wide heterogenicity
Grading takes into account differentiation, tubule formation, nuclear pleomorphism
Anaplasia, high nuclear grade and mitotic rate are negative prognostic factors
Describe mammary carcinomas in cats
Most commonly intermediate or high grade carcinomas, simple and less heterogenous (tubulopapillary, solid or cribriform carcinomas)
