Vaccine Considerations

Question 1

What are the different reasons to give a vaccination?

Answer 1

Prevent infectious disease - prophylactic vaccine
Disease Eradication e.g., smallpox and rinderpest
Therapeutic vaccines
Immunocontraceptive vaccines
ASIT (allergen-specific immunotherapy)

Question 2

What figure affects the ability of a vaccine to achieve herd immunity?

Answer 2

Reproduction number of the pathogen

Question 3

What are the core canine vaccines?

Answer 3

Question 4

What are the BSAVA non-core canine vaccines?

Answer 4

Question 5

What are the BSAVA core feline vaccines?

Answer 5

Question 6

Why do we only vaccinate after 8 weeks?

Answer 6

maternal antibodies could suppress the vaccination

Question 7

What are the BSAVA non-core feline vaccines?

Answer 7

Question 8

What can rabbits be vaccinated against?

Answer 8

Myxomatosis
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV-1 and -2)

Question 9

What can ferrets be vaccinated against?

Answer 9

Rabies (travel)
Canine distemper virus – not licensed in ferret

Question 10

What can horses be vaccinated against?

Answer 10

Equine influenza may be compulsory / required (Competition animals/Livery)
Equine arteritis for breeding stock
Equine herpesvirus
Strangles

Question 11

What are the category 1 diary cattle vaccines?

Answer 11

Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD)
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)
Leptospirosis
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD)
Calf scour

Question 12

What are the category 1 beef suckler cow vaccines?

Answer 12

BVD
Leptospirosis
Clostridial disease

Question 13

What are the category 1 beef suckler calve vaccines?

Answer 13

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
Clostridial disease

Question 14

What are the category 1 beef growing and feeding cattle vaccines?

Answer 14

Clostridial disease
IBR

Question 15

What are the category 2 dairy cattle vaccines/diseases?

Answer 15

Question 16

What are the category 2 beef suckler cow vaccines?

Answer 16

IBR (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis)
Rotavirus, E.coli

Question 17

What are the category 2 beef suckler calve vaccines?

Answer 17

Question 18

What are the category 2 beef growing and feeding cattle vaccines?

Answer 18

Lungworm
Mannheimia haemolytica

Question 19

What are the category 1 sheep vaccines?

Answer 19

Question 20

What are the category 2 sheep vaccines?

Answer 20

Orf
Ovine Johne’s Disease

Question 21

What are the possible routes of vaccine administration?

Answer 21

Intramuscular
Subcutaneous
Intradermal
Intranasal
Submucosal
Oral
Immersion (fish)
Spray (poultry)

Question 22

What are the disadvantages of the intranasal route of vaccinations?

Answer 22

Dogs don’t like it
Risk of handling
Can make animal sneeze => spreads the live vaccine into environment
Risk to immunocompromised people

Question 23

What factors should be considered when vaccinating small animals?

Answer 23

Difference between core and non-core vaccines in dogs (and cats)
Age of animal
Pregnancy and lactation status of animal
Have vaccines caused any problems in the past?
Does the animal have medical problems or allergies / is it on medication?

Question 24

What factors should be considered when vaccinating farm animals?

Answer 24

Pregnancy and lactation status of animals
Milk and/or meat withdrawals
Previous vaccination history
Disease status of the herd/flock
Risk of infection
Timings of the course in relation to other vaccines, calving/lambing, or otherprocedures
Handler circumstances (e.g. immune status/pregnancy)
Cost

Question 25

What factors should be considered when vaccinating horses?

Answer 25

Leisure or athletic competition animal Timing of vaccination in relation to competition  Previous vaccination history Course of vaccination i.e. timing of primary then intervals between secondary and booster vaccinations Risk of infection (don’t forget tetanus!) Requirements of governing body

Question 26

What is immunosenescence?

Answer 26

The decrease in effectiveness of the immune system with age

Question 27

What are the effects of immunosenescence?

Answer 27

increased basal levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and acute phase reactants Impaired antigen uptake and presentation Antibody defects Thymic involution (reduced T cell output) Reduced T cell priming Reduced T cell effector functions Impaired germinal centre reactions Blunted memory T cell function

Question 28

Describe the vaccination protocols for older cats

Answer 28

FeLV may not be required: - Good long-term immunity - Older cat may spend less time outdoors Continue 'Flu'/herpesvirus annually (instead of every 3 years) because: - immune system less effective - consequences of disease more serious - predisposition to adverse effects will have already been seen when younger Continue panleukopenia