Vaccine Considerations Flashcards
What are the different reasons to give a vaccination?
Prevent infectious disease - prophylactic vaccine
Disease Eradication e.g., smallpox and rinderpest
Therapeutic vaccines
Immunocontraceptive vaccines
ASIT (allergen-specific immunotherapy)
What figure affects the ability of a vaccine to achieve herd immunity?
Reproduction number of the pathogen
What are the core canine vaccines?
What are the BSAVA non-core canine vaccines?
What are the BSAVA core feline vaccines?
Why do we only vaccinate after 8 weeks?
maternal antibodies could suppress the vaccination
What are the BSAVA non-core feline vaccines?
What can rabbits be vaccinated against?
Myxomatosis
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV-1 and -2)
What can ferrets be vaccinated against?
Rabies (travel)
Canine distemper virus – not licensed in ferret
What can horses be vaccinated against?
Equine influenza may be compulsory / required (Competition animals/Livery)
Equine arteritis for breeding stock
Equine herpesvirus
Strangles
What are the category 1 diary cattle vaccines?
Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD)
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)
Leptospirosis
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD)
Calf scour
What are the category 1 beef suckler cow vaccines?
BVD
Leptospirosis
Clostridial disease
What are the category 1 beef suckler calve vaccines?
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
Clostridial disease
What are the category 1 beef growing and feeding cattle vaccines?
Clostridial disease
IBR
What are the category 2 dairy cattle vaccines/diseases?
What are the category 2 beef suckler cow vaccines?
IBR (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis)
Rotavirus, E.coli
What are the category 2 beef suckler calve vaccines?
What are the category 2 beef growing and feeding cattle vaccines?
Lungworm
Mannheimia haemolytica
What are the category 1 sheep vaccines?
What are the category 2 sheep vaccines?
Orf
Ovine Johne’s Disease
What are the possible routes of vaccine administration?
Intramuscular
Subcutaneous
Intradermal
Intranasal
Submucosal
Oral
Immersion (fish)
Spray (poultry)
What are the disadvantages of the intranasal route of vaccinations?
Dogs don’t like it
Risk of handling
Can make animal sneeze => spreads the live vaccine into environment
Risk to immunocompromised people
What factors should be considered when vaccinating small animals?
Difference between core and non-core vaccines in dogs (and cats)
Age of animal
Pregnancy and lactation status of animal
Have vaccines caused any problems in the past?
Does the animal have medical problems or allergies / is it on medication?
What factors should be considered when vaccinating farm animals?
Pregnancy and lactation status of animals
Milk and/or meat withdrawals
Previous vaccination history
Disease status of the herd/flock
Risk of infection
Timings of the course in relation to other vaccines, calving/lambing, or otherprocedures
Handler circumstances (e.g. immune status/pregnancy)
Cost
What factors should be considered when vaccinating horses?
Leisure or athletic competition animal
Timing of vaccination in relation to competition
Previous vaccination history
Course of vaccination i.e. timing of primary then intervals between secondaryand booster vaccinations
Risk of infection (don’t forget tetanus!)
Requirements of governing body
What is immunosenescence?
The decrease in effectiveness of the immune system with age
What are the effects of immunosenescence?
increased basal levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and acute phase reactants
Impaired antigen uptake and presentation
Antibody defects
Thymic involution (reduced T cell output)
Reduced T cell priming
Reduced T cell effector functions
Impaired germinal centre reactions
Blunted memory T cell function
Describe the vaccination protocols for older cats
FeLV may not be required:
- Good long-term immunity
- Older cat may spend less time outdoors
Continue ‘Flu’/herpesvirus annually (instead of every 3 years) because:
- immune system less effective
- consequences of disease more serious
- predisposition to adverse effects will have already been seen when younger
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