Infertility workshop Flashcards
Cow is 100 days in milk. Farmer observed oestrus during voluntary wait period but has not observed signs since. She is clean on vaginal exam & rectal ultrasonography of ovaries reveals this.
What is your diagnosis and what do we do next?
What is your diagnosis?
- Only small follicles visible
- No active structures on ovary, possibly anoestrus but difficult to say on one visit alone (could have ovulated too early for CL detection)
What do we do next?
- OvSynch protocol (mimic luteal phase & allow gonadotrophins to build up)
Cow is 50 days in milk. You perform a vaginal & rectal exam (plus ultrasonography). Results are displayed in images
What is your diagnosis?
How do you treat it?
What are risk factors for this diagnosis?
What is your diagnosis?
- Can see that uterus is filled with fluid and speckles
- Endometritis (>21d in milk)
How do you treat?
- Depends on severity, options include prostaglandin, oxytocin & intrauterine antibiotics
What are risk factors for this diagnosis?
- Dystocia at calving, NEB, poor herd hygiene, retained fetal membranes
How is endometritis classified?
Grade 0-3 based on appearance of discharge
- 0 = clear mucus
- 1 = mucus containing flecks of white pus
- 2 = exudate containing <50% white mucopurulent material
- 3 = exudate containing >50% white/yellow (sometimes sanguineous) purulent material
Cow is presented at 70 days in milk. She is reported to have high activity on her pedometer & displaying signs of nymphomania (excessive sexual desire).
What is your presumptive diagnosis? Why?
How do we treat this?
What is your presumptive diagnosis?
- Follicular cyst
Why?
- Large fluid filled structure, thin walled, history of nymphomania
How do we treat this?
- Options include GnRH, progesterone implants & synchronisation programmes
Why do we measure testes size?
Indicator of sperm producing ability
Smaller testes = less fertile
What impacts on testicular size of rams?
Body weight
age
breed
blood testosterone/gonadotrophin concentration
photoperiod
season of birth (smaller in summer)
nutrition
What are the 5 T’s of ram MOT?
Toes, teeth, testes, tone, treatment
Why is perineal conformation important for fertility in mares?
Poor conformation (e.g. shelving perineum) increases risk of pneumovagina, faecal contamination & ascending infections, which can impair fertility
What is the most common bacterial cause of endometritis in mares?
Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus
How is endometritis diagnosed in mares?
Uterine swabs for cytology & culture
Ultrasound showing fluid accumulation in uterus
What clinical sign indicates a bitch is in proestrus?
Vulvar swelling & bloody discharge
What is the best way to determine the optimal breeding time in bitches?
Progesterone measurement & vaginal cytology
What type of cells are dominant during oestrus?
80% Anuclear superficial epithelial cells (cornified cells)
When is the best time to breed a bitch after detecting the LH surge?
2 and 4 days post-ovulation
