Focal and systemic causes of urinary tract pathology Flashcards
What are the common lesions of the urinary tract?
tubulointerstitial nephritis
neoplasia
lesions secondary to renal failure
What is tubulointerstitial nephritis?
Diseases involving primarily the interstitium and tubule
Main types:
- non-suppurative (haematogenous or ascendant)
- embolic suppurative (haematogenous)
- pyelonephritis (ascending)
Describe the features of embolic suppurative nephritis
Caused by bacteria
Vascular (bacteraemia or septic thromboembolism)
Multiple small abscesses or fewer large ones
Give examples of agents of embolic suppurative nephritis in different species
What is pyelonephritis?
inflammation of the pelvis and renal parenchyma - usually caused by ascending infection
What are some causes of pyelonephritis?
Endogenous bacteria of the bowel and skin e.g., E.coli. staphylococci, streptococci
Some specific pathogens of the urinary tract e.g., actinobaculum suis
Describe renal neoplasia
Primary renal tumours are uncommon
Typically malignant with metastasis
most commonly renal carcinomas in dogs
nephroblastoma common in pigs and chickens
Lymphoma common in cattle and cats
Describe neoplasia of the lower urinary system
Predominantly in urinary bladder (rarer in urethra and ureters)
Uncommon
Most commonly epithelial tumours - urothelial cell carcinomas
What are the effects of chronic renal failure that can lead to further lesions/abnormalities?
altered calcium/phosphorous metabolism
Direct urea vascular damage + bacterial production of ammonia from urea in saliva
Increased vascular permeability
endothelial damage, nephrotic syndrome
Increased erythrocyte fragility and lack of EPO +/- GI bleed
What lesions /abnormalities occur as a result of altered Ca/P metabolism due to chronic renal failure?
Parathyroid hyperplasia
Fibrous osteodystrophy
Metastatic mineralisation (stomach, lung, pleura, kidneys)
What lesions /abnormalities occur as a result of direct urea vascular damage and bacterial production of ammonia from urea in saliva due to chronic renal failure?
Ulcerative and haemorrhagic gastritis and glossitis/stomatitis (swollen tongue and mouth) (colitis in horses and cattle)
What lesions /abnormalities occur as a result of increased vascular permeability due to chronic renal failure?
Pulmonary oedema and fibrinous pericarditis
What lesions /abnormalities occur as a result of endothelial damage due to chronic renal failure?
Atrial and vascular thrombosis
What lesions /abnormalities occur as a result of increased erythrocyte fragility and lack of EPO +/- GI bleed due to chronic renal failure?
Anaemia
