Abnormalities of the urogenital tract Flashcards
What are some common causes of umbilical swellings?
Defect in umbilical wall → Failure of umbilical ring closure → Herniation
Infection of umbilical structures → Involves internal abdominal components
Persistent Urachus → Communication remains between bladder & umbilicus
What are the main causes of umbilical hernias?
Mostly congenital (potential hereditary link), some acquired but usually present at birth
How can umbilical hernias be classified?
Simple vs. Strangulated (strangulated requires emergency intervention)
Reducible vs. Irreducible (irreducible can lead to complications)
When can simple umbilical hernias be repaired?
Often corrected during routine neutering if they don’t resolve on their own
What are the signs of a strangulated hernia?
Failure to suckle, vocalisation, sepsis markers, severe pain
What are the main characteristics of umbilical hernias?
Soft tissue swellings, typically consistent in size, some may self-resolve, others require intervention
How does hernia size impact treatment decisions?
Small: Likely to resolve naturally, monitor
Medium: Highest strangulation risk, careful monitoring needed
Large: Unlikely to resolve, often requires surgery
What diagnostic tool can help assess umbilical hernias?
Ultrasound – useful for evaluating contents and severity
What are the treatment options for umbilical hernias?
Monitor small hernias.
Constriction bands (e.g. lamb rings) for fibrosis & closure
Surgery for persistent, large, or strangulated hernias
What is the key surgical approach for umbilical hernias?
Dissect down to hernia ring, return peritoneum to abdomen, & securely close defect
What is a patent urachus?
Failure of fetal urachus (connection between bladder & umbilicus) to close at birth, leading to urine leakage
What is the most obvious clinical sign of a patent urachus?
Dribbling urine from umbilicus
Posturing to urinate but failing
Pain & infection due to persistently wet environment
What complications can arise from a patent urachus?
Infection spreading to nearby tissues
Urachal cysts at bladder apex
Urethral diverticula
Uroperitoneum (if bladder drains into abdomen)
What is the primary surgical treatment for a patent urachus?
Resection back to bladder, inversion of bladder tissue & closure
What are the conservative treatment options for a patent urachus?
Astringents (iodine, silver nitrate) to induce fibrosis
Broad-spectrum antibiotics for infection
Clamps to encourage closure via scarring
What is Meckel’s diverticulum?
Remnant of vitelline duct, can cause intestinal strangulation, requiring surgical resection
What are the three key structures associated with umbilical infections?
Umbilical vein (to liver), umbilical arteries (to aorta), urachus (to bladder)
Define omphalophlebitis.
Infection of umbilical vein, leading to potential liver involvement
Define omphaloarteritis.
Infection of 1 or both umbilical arteries, connecting to aorta
What is urachal sepsis, and why is it concerning?
Infection of urachus, potentially leading to bladder infections & sepsis
Why is it important to differentiate types of umbilical infections?
Each type affects different structures, requiring specific treatment approaches to prevent systemic sepsis
What are the key clinical signs of an umbilical infection?
Localised swelling, pain, pus discharge & potential systemic illness (sepsis signs)
How can ultrasound aid in diagnosing umbilical infections?
Helps identify which umbilical structures are involved (vein, artery, urachus)
What systemic complications can arise from umbilical infection?
Septicaemia & joint ill (synovial sepsis) from bacterial spread