Vowels and Consonants Flashcards
Which are the front vowels?
i, ü, e, ö
Which are the back vowels?
ı, u, a, o
What is the fronted a
benefit
e
kar
How is a pronounced
salad
u, as in sun
salata
how is e pronounced
edirne
fed
edirne
When does e take on the sound of a in an
stretch
come
sometimes when followed by r, l, n
ger
gel
How is i pronounced
mist
button hole
bit
sis
ilik
How is ı pronounced
warm
io in nation
ılık
How is o pronounced
choir
no
koro
how is ö pronounced
ten
front
eu in peu
on
ön
How is u pronounced
long
u as in pull
uzun
How is ü pronounced
end, extremity, tip
three
ü as in über
uç
üç
veteran
gazi
(long vowel)
jointly, in unison
beraber
(long vowel)
known, certain
malum
(long vowel)
fiscal
mali
(long vowel)
ignorant
cahil (long vowel)
expression, statement
ifade
(long vowel)
effect/influence
tesir
(long vowel)
specimen, sample
numune
(long vowel)
faith
iman
(long vowel)
notice, announcement
ilan
(long vowel)
dialect, accent
şive
(long vowel)
What are the voiceless consonants
p, t, k, s, ş, ç, h, f
voiced consonants
b, c, d, g, ğ, j, l, m, n, r, v, y, z
b pronunciation
father
b as in baby
baba
c pronunciation
mosque
j in jump
cami
ç pronunciation
Bag
ch as in church
çanta
d pronunciation
grandpa
d as in dad
dede
f pronunciation
pistachio
f as in fish
fıstık
g pronunciation
boat
g as in go
gemi
ğ pronunciation
tree
Lengthens the preceding vowel
ağaç
h pronunciation
everyone
h as in he
herkes
how to pronounce j
gendarme
s as in measure
jandarma
k pronunciation
cat
k as in king
kedi
l pronunciation
lemon
l as in lion
limon
m pronunciation
lazy
m as in me
miskin
n pronunciation
what
n as in nurse
ne
p pronunciation
monday
p in pen
Pazartesi
r pron.
colour
r as in rain
renk
s pron
water
s as in sun
su
ş pronunciation
sugar
sh in she
şeker
t pronunciation
thanx
t in tea
teşekkür
v pron.
and
v as in very
ve
y pron
fire
y in yellow
yangın
z pron
olive
z in zip
zeytin
How are t, d and n pronounced
touch the tip of your tounge against the gum above the top teeth (dentals)
when do k and g become more fronted
in words that have front or fronted vowels
paper
compare with
truck
kağıt
kamyon
front or fronted vowels
unbeliever, goal
compare with
station
gavur, gol
gar
lemon, hallway
compare with
arm, thick, to be
limon, hol
kol, kalın, olmak
What is the plural suffix
ler, lar
When do you use ler and lar
ler - e, i ü, ö (front vowels)
lar - a, ı, o, u (back vowels)
(last vowel)
squares
kareler
cars
arabalar
things
işler
gulls
martılar
grapes
üzümler
boxes
kutular
eyes
gözler
choruses
korolar
When does the four-fold vowel harmony apply
When the vowel in the suffix is a high vowel that surfaces as i, ı, u, ü due to the frontness and backness as well as the rounding of the vowel
What is the third person singular possesive marker
(s)ı
s is pronounced when the suffix is attached to a word that ends in a vowel
what are the four-fold vowel harmonies
use possessive third person singular
a or ı - (s)ı
u or o - (s)u
e or i - (s)i
ü or ö - (s)ü
his gull
martı
his car
arabası
his box
kutusu
his choir
korosu
his square
karesi
his two
ikisi
his iron
ütüsü
his eye
gözü
clock, clocks
saat
saatler
(last a is fronted)
terminal
terminal
(fronted)
heart
kalp
(fronted)
caution
dikkat
fronted
letter
harf
fronted
responsible
mesul
fronted
Kemal
Kemal
fronted
Zuhal
Zuhal
fronted
exception suffixes (no vowel change)
-ki
-ken
-leyin
-gen
-izm
when do consonants assimilate and how
initial consonant of a suffix becomes similar to the final consonant of the word it is attached to
When the final consonant of a verb is voiceless (p, t, k, s, ş, ç, h, f) consonant in the suffix surfaces as t (voiceless)
When the last consonant is voiced (b, c, d , g, Ğ, j, l, m, n, r, v, y, z) or, if the verb ends in a vowel, it appears as d.
This applies for suffixes that have an initial d, which becomes t when attatched to a word that ends in a voiceless consonant
-DI (past tense)
-DA (locative)
-DAn (ablative)
And to those that have c, which becomes ç when it comes after a voiceless consonant due to suffixation)
-CA (language names)
-CI (names of professionals)
When does k go to ğ in the word on suffixation
all multiyllabic words that end in k, and when a vowel initial suffix is attached
Kitchen, kitchen akk
mutfak
mutfaği
lover, lover akk
aşık
aşığı
angel, angel akk
melek
meleği
bed, bed akk
yatak, yatağı
suit, unit, fellow, akk
tek, teki
(mono)
when does nk become ng
when a vowel-initial suffix is attached
When does g become ğ
in some multisyllabic g-ending words
university
üniversite
salad
salata
coffee
kahve
football
futbol
hobby
hobi
music
müsik
professor
profesör
theatre
tiyatro
labyrinth
labirent
station
istasyon
