Vowels and Consonants Flashcards
Which are the front vowels?
i, ü, e, ö
Which are the back vowels?
ı, u, a, o
What is the fronted a
benefit
e
kar
How is a pronounced
salad
u, as in sun
salata
how is e pronounced
edirne
fed
edirne
When does e take on the sound of a in an
stretch
come
sometimes when followed by r, l, n
ger
gel
How is i pronounced
mist
button hole
bit
sis
ilik
How is ı pronounced
warm
io in nation
ılık
How is o pronounced
choir
no
koro
how is ö pronounced
ten
front
eu in peu
on
ön
How is u pronounced
long
u as in pull
uzun
How is ü pronounced
end, extremity, tip
three
ü as in über
uç
üç
veteran
gazi
(long vowel)
jointly, in unison
beraber
(long vowel)
known, certain
malum
(long vowel)
fiscal
mali
(long vowel)
ignorant
cahil (long vowel)
expression, statement
ifade
(long vowel)
effect/influence
tesir
(long vowel)
specimen, sample
numune
(long vowel)
faith
iman
(long vowel)
notice, announcement
ilan
(long vowel)
dialect, accent
şive
(long vowel)
What are the voiceless consonants
p, t, k, s, ş, ç, h, f
voiced consonants
b, c, d, g, ğ, j, l, m, n, r, v, y, z
b pronunciation
father
b as in baby
baba
c pronunciation
mosque
j in jump
cami
ç pronunciation
Bag
ch as in church
çanta
d pronunciation
grandpa
d as in dad
dede
f pronunciation
pistachio
f as in fish
fıstık
g pronunciation
boat
g as in go
gemi
ğ pronunciation
tree
Lengthens the preceding vowel
ağaç
h pronunciation
everyone
h as in he
herkes
how to pronounce j
gendarme
s as in measure
jandarma
k pronunciation
cat
k as in king
kedi
l pronunciation
lemon
l as in lion
limon
m pronunciation
lazy
m as in me
miskin
n pronunciation
what
n as in nurse
ne
p pronunciation
monday
p in pen
Pazartesi
r pron.
colour
r as in rain
renk
s pron
water
s as in sun
su
ş pronunciation
sugar
sh in she
şeker
t pronunciation
thanx
t in tea
teşekkür
v pron.
and
v as in very
ve
y pron
fire
y in yellow
yangın
z pron
olive
z in zip
zeytin
How are t, d and n pronounced
touch the tip of your tounge against the gum above the top teeth (dentals)
when do k and g become more fronted
in words that have front or fronted vowels
paper
compare with
truck
kağıt
kamyon
front or fronted vowels
unbeliever, goal
compare with
station
gavur, gol
gar
lemon, hallway
compare with
arm, thick, to be
limon, hol
kol, kalın, olmak
What is the plural suffix
ler, lar
When do you use ler and lar
ler - e, i ü, ö (front vowels)
lar - a, ı, o, u (back vowels)
(last vowel)
squares
kareler
cars
arabalar
things
işler
gulls
martılar
grapes
üzümler
boxes
kutular
eyes
gözler
choruses
korolar
When does the four-fold vowel harmony apply
When the vowel in the suffix is a high vowel that surfaces as i, ı, u, ü due to the frontness and backness as well as the rounding of the vowel
What is the third person singular possesive marker
(s)ı
s is pronounced when the suffix is attached to a word that ends in a vowel
what are the four-fold vowel harmonies
use possessive third person singular
a or ı - (s)ı
u or o - (s)u
e or i - (s)i
ü or ö - (s)ü
his gull
martı
his car
arabası
his box
kutusu
his choir
korosu
his square
karesi
his two
ikisi
his iron
ütüsü
his eye
gözü
clock, clocks
saat
saatler
(last a is fronted)
terminal
terminal
(fronted)
heart
kalp
(fronted)
caution
dikkat
fronted
letter
harf
fronted
responsible
mesul
fronted
Kemal
Kemal
fronted
Zuhal
Zuhal
fronted
exception suffixes (no vowel change)
-ki
-ken
-leyin
-gen
-izm
when do consonants assimilate and how
initial consonant of a suffix becomes similar to the final consonant of the word it is attached to
When the final consonant of a verb is voiceless (p, t, k, s, ş, ç, h, f) consonant in the suffix surfaces as t (voiceless)
When the last consonant is voiced (b, c, d , g, Ğ, j, l, m, n, r, v, y, z) or, if the verb ends in a vowel, it appears as d.
This applies for suffixes that have an initial d, which becomes t when attatched to a word that ends in a voiceless consonant
-DI (past tense)
-DA (locative)
-DAn (ablative)
And to those that have c, which becomes ç when it comes after a voiceless consonant due to suffixation)
-CA (language names)
-CI (names of professionals)
When does k go to ğ in the word on suffixation
all multiyllabic words that end in k, and when a vowel initial suffix is attached
Kitchen, kitchen akk
mutfak
mutfaği
lover, lover akk
aşık
aşığı
angel, angel akk
melek
meleği
bed, bed akk
yatak, yatağı
suit, unit, fellow, akk
tek, teki
(mono)
when does nk become ng
when a vowel-initial suffix is attached
When does g become ğ
in some multisyllabic g-ending words
university
üniversite
salad
salata
coffee
kahve
football
futbol
hobby
hobi
music
müsik
professor
profesör
theatre
tiyatro
labyrinth
labirent
station
istasyon
café
kafe
tennis
tenis
pasta
pasta
coat
ceket
museum
müze
modern
modern
culture
kültür
bank
banka
train
tren
telefone
telefon
yoghurt
yoğurt
toilet
tuvalet
trousers
pantalon
boat
bot
taxi
taksi
million
milyon
grapefruit
greyfurt
tea
çay
phobia
fobi
hotel
otel
park
park
sport
spor
mathematics
matematik
film
film
miniature
minyatür
appartment
apartman
doctor
doktor
corridor
koridor
problem
problem
lesson, lessons
ders
dersler
test, tests
sınav
sınavlar
student, students
öğrenci, öğrenciler
school, schools
okul, okullar
clock, clocks
saat, saatler
night, nights
gece, geceler
house, houses
ev, evler
university, universities
üniversite, üniversiteler
teacher, teachers
öğretmen, öğretmenler
friend, friends
arkadaş, arkadaşlar
class, classes
sınıf, sınıflar
bag, bags
çanta, çantalar
task, tasks
ödev, ödevler
bank, banks
banka, bankalar
number, numbers
numara, numaralar
book, books
kitap, kitaplar
pencil, pencils
kalem, kalemler
day, days
gün, günler
evening, evenings
akşam
akşamları
notebook, notebooks
defter, defterler
letter, letters
harf, harfler
cinema, cinemas
sinema, sinemalar
taxis
taksi, taksiler
water, waters
su, sular
infinitive suffix
mAk
to take, to get
almak
to find
bulmak
to think
düşünmek
to be ill
hasta olmak
to stand up
kalkmak
to learn
öğrenmek
to sit down
oturmak
to have a holiday, to vacation
tatil yapmak
to laugh
gülmek
to call
aramak
to dance
dans etmek
to be late
geç kalmak
to drink
içmek
to talk to
konuşmak
to teach
öğretmek
to love, like
sevmek
to phone call
telefon etmek
to lie down, go to bed
yatmak
to wait
beklemek
to listen to
dinlemek
to come
gelmek
to desire, want
istemek
to run
koşmak
to read
okumak
to sing
şarkı söylemek
to go to sleep
uyumak
to eat
yemek
to know
bilmek
to rest, to relax
dinlenmek
to go
gitmek
to stay
kalmak
to lose weight
kilo vermek
to occur
olmak
to ask a question
soru sormak
to give
vermek
to walk
yürümek
what is the deprivative suffix?
sIz
homeless
evsiz
sleepless
uykusuz
mindless
akılsız
without sugar
şekersiz
free (cost)
parasız
loveless
aşksız
friendless
arkadaşsız
unlicenced, unfit
ehliyetsiz
unauthorised
izinsiz
heartless
kalpsız
unique
emsalsız
got, took
aldı
took away
götürdü
sold
sattı
gone
gitti
wanted
istedi
got up
kalktı
it was worth it
değdi
called
aradı
found
buldu
sat down
oturdu
got on
bindi
said
dedi
spoke
konuştu
cried
ağladı
waited
bekledi
danced
dans etti
thought of
düşündü
sang
şarkı söyledi
put it on
taktı
ran
koştu
learned
öğrendi
knew
bildi
listened
dinledi
was late
geç kaldı
got sick
hasta oldu
gave
verdi
taught
öğretti
ran away
kaçtı
rested
dinlendi
saddened
üzüldü
drank
içti
read (past)
okudu
changed
değişti
recognised
tanıdı
suffix for nationality or ethnicity
-CA
turkish
Türkçe
english
ingilizce
german
almanca
chinese
çince
dutch
hollandaca
norwegian
norveççe
greek
yunanca
russian
rusça
italian
italyanca
What is the profession suffix
-CI
reporter
haberci
politician
politikacı
photographer
fotoğrafçı
hunter
avcı
estate agent
emlakçı
