VIOLENCE IN SPORT Flashcards
Causes of Violence in Sport
- Lack of Limited Deterrent (Few punishments in place) - Opposition Gamesmanship (Causes frustration among spectators) - Alcohol, Drugs, & Steroids (Causes poor judgement & increases aggression) - Frustration or Anger (Has many causes) - Excessive Pressure to Win (Over arousal) - Retaliation to Provocation
Causes of Violence from Players in Sport
- Nature of the Game (Rugby, Ice Hockey, Boxing) - Equipment (Rackets, Hockey Sticks, Bats) - Emotional or Anger Issues (Inability to control emotional responses) - De-Humanisation (American Football protective outfit)
Causes of Violence from Spectators in Sport
- Hooligans
(Non-genuine fans looking to cause trouble) - Overcrowding
(Closer together = higher chance of violence) - Peer Pressure
(Not taking personal responsibility for violence) - Emotional Response to Violence on Pitch
(Copying behaviour of role models)
Implications of Violence in Sport on Society
- Policing costs money
(Policing a derby game) - Costs of Damages
- Some People Seek Out & Enjoy Violence
Implications of Violence in Sport on Sport
Reduces the reputation of a sport
- Gives poor impression to young people
Implications of Violence in Sport on Performers
- Injury
(Impacts on performance or fitness) - Damage a performers reputation
Strategies to Prevent Violence from Players
- Technology (Use of play-back to make considered judgements) - Education (Emphasis on fair play in sport) - Adapt (Change rules to encourage less violence) - More Officials (More/Better qualified at all levels) - Stricter Punishments (Longer bans)
Strategies to Prevent Violence from Spectators
- Control/Ban Alcohol (No alcohol in stadiums) - Responsible Media Coverage (Less hyping up of events - Keep it calm) - Improve Spectator Facilities (More space for spectators) - Separate Fans (Keep rival fans separate) - Increase Police/Steward Presence - Stricter Punishments (Lifetime ban from stadium) - Use CCTV to Find Culprits - Promote Events as Family Entertainment
What is a television MATCH OFFICIAL?
Rugby league uses this as a referee who can review plays by looking at by footage as and when asked to be the on field referee
What is hooliganism?
Acts of vandalism and violence in public places committed especially by youths
Hooliganism is sometimes associated with young males, who are often drunk, as a sign of their masculinity. Identify other causes of spectator violence at football matches.
Suggest possible reasons why a performer may become violent during a sporting contest.
• Win-at-all-costs ethic/pressure to win/high financial rewards at stake/job at stake
• Retaliation against an opponent/crowd
• Frustration with officiating
• Importance of event, e.g. local derby/local rivalry/pre-match hype/over-psyched
• Nature of game - violence is part of it, e.g. ice hockey
• Lack of effective deterrents (e.g. NGB punishments/sanctions)
Hooliganism is sometimes associated with young males, who are often drunk, as a sign of their masculinity. Identify other causes of spectator violence at football matches.
• Emotional intensity/ritual importance of the event, e.g. a local derby; team loyalty taken to extremes
• Pre-match media hype stirring up tensions between rival fans
• Poor policing/stewarding/crowd control (e.g. this was one of the key reasons identified for the Hillsborough Stadium disaster in 1989)
• Lack of effective deterrents/punishments to discourage individuals from involving themselves in violence at football matches
• Diminished responsibility by individuals in a large group (i.e. a football crowd); organised violence as part of a gang/peer pressure to get involved in violence
• Reaction of working-class fans to middle class taking over ‘their’ game
• Poor officiating or frustration with match officials, which can heighten
Identify the negative effects of hooliganism for law-abiding football fans.
- Fan violence can lead to poor treatment of legitimate fans/supporters.
- Fans are ‘herded’ through the streets to reach the stadium and after the game, to take transport home.
- All fans following a particular team are treated with suspicion and distrust.
- All fans of a particular team are banned from certain matches/for a certain time period as a result of the violent/negative actions of individuals following their club.
Explain the negative implications of hooliganism for the sport of football.
- A negative image of sport causes a decline in participation rates/smaller foundation base in football.
- A negative image of football leads to a decrease in live spectator attendances.
- Supporters are banned from travelling/attending matches, or matches are played behind closed doors.
- All supporters at football matches are treated as hooligans as a result of police suspicions and frequent violence.
- Teams are banned from competing or they may lose points or be fined, which punishes the football clubs for the acts of their ‘fans’.
- Sponsors/commercial deals are withdrawn from clubs/players/NGBs due to the negative publicity/poor image of the game.
Outline strategies sporting authorities such as NGB’s could use to encourage higher standards of individual performer behaviour. (4)
Booking/sending off on field. Fine/ban off field. Club fine/points deducted. Code of conduct for players. Improve officiating via use of technology. Cite players after game for foul play. Fair play awards. Use of the law.
Negative of football hooliganism
Image of football declined.
Spectator attendance at matches fell.
More stringent security measures imposed on all fans.
Cost of security.
Negative portrayal of English fans, damaging relations and less likely to host major tournaments.
