BENEFITS TO RAISING PARTICIPATON Flashcards
List some barriers of participation
- Gender
- Race/ethnicity
- Social class
- Disability
How can gender affect participation?
- Women are discriminated against in sport - and in society.
- There are still stereotypical attitudes to female participation.
- In Beijing, 45% of participants were female - opportunity.
- In Athens, 40% of British team were women, in IOC only 14% are women, the glass ceiling applies to female participation.
- Before 2007, men’s prize money at Wimbledon was more than women’s - esteem. 2016 figures are £2 mil each.
- Top sportswomen have 14% of income of top men, and find it harder to get sponsorship.
- Women’s boxing, pole vault, triple jump, hammer and weight lifting only allowed since 1987.
- Female sport has less social status than male sport.
- Females get less media space or time than males in UK.
- Women’s fitness - hence muscularity - causes media to call into question sexuality.
How can race and ethnicity affect participation?
Black and Asian people discriminated against in society.
• 25% of EPL players are black, even less Asians.
• 50% UK athletics power event competitors are black.
• In tennis, no black and only 1 Asian competitor in UK top ten - opportunity.
• In UK rugby, very few black players.
• No research evidence that black Afro-Caribbean people have more fast twitch muscle, or less subcutaneous fat.
• Hence stereotype of black Afro-Caribbean potential at sport is incorrect.
• Lack of role models in low black participation sport discourages new participants.
• Media reflect society’s view of black people.
• Great success from male Asian boxers and cricketers.
• Low socio-economic status of many black Afro-Caribbean people prevents participation.
How can disability affect participation?
- Opportunity is often limited by attitudes of able-bodied people, and by low self-esteem of disabled people.
- Main issue being tacked is access, where public sport facilities are required to have ramps/wide doorways for wheelchair access.
- Paralympic games have highlighted disabled people’s potential success at world level.
- Elite athletes funded from Lottery, same as able-bodied.
- Still lack of access to some sports facilities.
- Low levels of sponsorship.
- Lack of media exposure compared to able-bodied sport
- Media focus on adversity rather than ability.
How can social class affect participation?
- Lack of financial support is a big barrier.
- Parental support important at a young age.
- Elite amateur athletes funded from lottery - provision.
- Participation from lower SE groups about 55% lower compared to upper SE groups.
- Some activities associated with upper SE status people, e.g. equestrianism.
- Amateur sports have fewer low SE status elite performers.
- Membership of some sport clubs only open to financially independent people.
- Low SE group people have less leisure time than upper SE groups -
What is stereotyping in sport?
- Discrimination against groups of people in society causes stereotypes to form, largely justifying the presumed inferiority of these groups.
- Stereotyping takes the form of assumed inferiority, which may be based on tradition, gender genetics or ethnicity, wealth, age or even resistance to change.
What is prejudice in sport?
- A prejudgment of a person, group, or situation usually based on inadequate information or inaccurate or biased information which reinforces stereotypes.
How does age affect participation?
- Education system is trying to give children every opportunity to participate in sport, and allowing talented to be recognised.
- However, in the private sector there’s still resistance to junior membership in clubs.
- Restriction on elderly participation in sport is due to outmoded stereotypical views that exercise by the old can be fatal.
- Regular physical activity/sport for elderly is most valuable in terms of physical health, morale and self-esteem.
- Opportunities have increased where many sports governing bodies have their veteran/masters policy which has resulted in huge uptake for each veterans age group.
- Access to centres offering exercise has been a major problem, but non-
What is the role of NGBs?
- Must spend at least 60% o funding on activities which promote sport as a habit for life for young people.
- Payment will be by results, with withdrawal of funding to NGBs that fail to deliver agreed objectives.
- Organising national competitions.
- Establishing rules.
- Coaching within each individual sport.
- Picking teams for international competition.
Participation trends of 21st century for black minority
2005 - 2015 - from 17.4% total England groups to 19.3%
Increased by 1.9%.
Implications for health of the nation from mass participation surveys
. Most preventable diseases are attributed to modified behaviours that relate directly to physical inactivity, dietary excess and obesity.
• Life-extending benefits of physical activity correlate more with preventing early morality than improving overall life span.
• Greatest reduction in death rate from CV disease occurs when going from sedentary to moderate fitness level.
• Hence mass participation programmes encourages members of the public to actively participate in sports with the objectives of promoting good health, self-realisation, community development and social cohesion.
