Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A-LEVEL PHYSICAL EDUCATION > OBLA > Flashcards

OBLA Flashcards

1
Q

What is oxygen deficit?

A

The amount of oxygen that the performer requires to complete an activity aerobically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

The amount of oxygen needed to return the body to a resting state. EPOC is needed for this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is excess post oxygen consumption?

A

Increased rate of oxygen intake following strenuous activity, intended to pay back the oxygen deficit.
There are 4 main tasks that needs to occur for the body to be back at rest.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 4 tasks of EPOC

A

Fast component:

  1. Replacement of ATP and phosphocreatine
  2. Replenishment of myoglobin with oxygen

Slow component:

  1. Removal of lactic acid
  2. Replacement of glycogen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the fast component of recovery?

A

Also known as the alactacid component.

The increased rate of respiration continues to supply oxygen to the body and myoglobin.

Helps replenish these stores and takes up to 2-3 minutes
Resynthesis of ATP and PC stores also occurs within the first 3 minutes of EPOC.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the slow component of recovery?

A

Also known as the lactacid component.

Recovery may take up to an hour depending on the intensity and duration of exercise.

Post exercise respiratory rate and depth along with heart rate remain high to aid removal of by-products such as CO2 and carbonic acid.

Body temperature remains elevated during EPOC.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are ways lactic acid can be removed?

A

Slow component of recovery
Also known as the lacticacid component.

Recovery may take up to an hour depending on the intensity and duration of exercise.

Post exercise respiratory rate and depth along with heart rate remain high to aid removal of by-products such as CO2 and carbonic acid.

Body temperature remains elevated during EPOC.

Ways lactic acid can be removed

  1. Pyruvic acid is oxidised (broken down) and re-enters the Krebs cycle to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy (65% lactic acid removed this way)
  2. Converted into glucose and then stored in muscles/liver as glycogen. Process = gluconeogenesis and gluconeogenesis (25% lactic acid removed this way)
  3. Converted into protein (10% lactic acid removed this way)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the cori cycle?

A

The process where lactic acid is transported in the blood to the liver where it is converted to blood glucose and glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is lactate threshold?

A

The point during exercise at which lactic acid quickly accumulates in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is buffering?

A

A process which aids the removal of lactate and maintains acidity levels in the blood and muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is calometry?

A

The calculation of heat in physical changes and chemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is indirect caloromity?

A

Measured the production of CO2 and/or the consumption of O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is direct gas analysis?

A

Measures the concentration of oxygen that is inspired and the concentration of carbon dioxide that is expired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Cycle ergometer

A

A stationary bike that measures how much work is being performed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is respiring exchange ratio?

A

The ratio of carbon dioxide produced compared to oxygen consumed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is altitude training

A

Usually done at 2500m+ above sea level where the partial pressure of oxygen is lower

17
Q

Altitude training is used by some marathon runners as part of their physiological preparation.
Discuss whether altitude training is always beneficial to marathon runners. (5 marks)

A

Plyometrics
Involved repeated rapid stretching and contracting of muscles to increase muscle power
Altitude training is used by some marathon runners as part of their physiological preparation.
Discuss whether altitude training is always beneficial to marathon runners. (5 marks)
(sub-max 3)
1. Reduced pO2 at altitude/less oxygen in air/available/lower O2 concentration
2. Body produces erythropoetin/EPO
3. More red blood cells/haemoglobin
4. Greater oxygen transport capacity/carry more oxygen
5. Greater stamina/cardio-respiratory endurance/aerobic capacity/increased VO2
max/aerobic respiration
(sub-max 3)
6. Reduced pO2 - unable to train as hard as previously/at sea level
7. Altitude sickness/dehydration/too cold
8. Loss of fitness/quicker to exhaustion while at altitude/detraining effect
9. Therefore aerobic performance deteriorates
10. Requires several weeks/months to be effective
11. Psychological problems of lifestyle/isolated/expensive/interferes with normal
training

18
Q

Elite swimmers follow structured training programmes to develop exceptional levels of fitness.
Outline the relationship between ‘VO2 max’ and ‘lactate threshold’. (3 marks)

A

A. VO2 max - the maximum amount of oxygen utilised/equiv per unit of time/per minute
B. Lactate threshold - the point at which lactic acid starts to accumulate in the blood/OBLA
C. Lactate threshold is a percentage of VO2max
D. The higher the VO2 max, the more the delay in lactic acid build-up/as VO2max increases, so does lactate
threshold
E. Trained athletes can exercise for longer periods at the same/higher intensity compared to an untrained
athlete/lactate threshold a much higher percentage of VO2max

19
Q

Explain why some athletes, such as marathon runners, may choose to spend time training
at altitude. (3 marks)

A
  1. Improved endurance/stamina/aerobic capacity/VO2 max;
  2. Reduced concentration/partial pressure of oxygen at altitude;
  3. Compensation through increased red blood cells/haemoglobin;
  4. Erythroprotein;
  5. Enhanced oxygen carrying capacity (on return to sea level) 3 marks
20
Q

What are the potential problems associated with altitude training? (3 marks)

A
  1. Reduced pO2 - training very hard;
  2. Loss of fitness/detraining effect;
  3. Increased lactate production/accumulation;
  4. Altitude sickness/weeks to acclimatise;
  5. Solution - live at altitude and train at sea level;
  6. Other physiological e.g. blood viscosity/psychological/social/environmental
    factors. 3 marks
21
Q

Explain how energy is provided, allowing the athlete to complete the shot put. (3 marks)

A

A. Stored ATP
B. Alactic system/ATP-PC system/Phosphocreatine system/ATP-CP system
C. PC breakdown
D. To creatine and phosphate/C and P
E. Energy used/released to perform the contraction/re-synthesis for
ATP

22
Q

Athletes must have sufficient energy stores to compete and perform in a variety of weather
conditions.
Identify the energy sources that a performer may use during competition. (3 marks)

A

A. Carbohydrates/Glucose/Glycogen
B. Protein/Lactate/Amino acids
C. Fats/Fatty acids/Glycerol/Triglycerides
D. Creatine/phosphocreatine

23
Q

Explain the terms lactate sampling and respiratory exchange ratio. (4 marks)

A

A. (lactate sampling) - taking blood samples (to measure the level of lactic acid)
B. Ensures training is at the correct intensity/monitor improvements over time
C. Provides accurate/objective measure
D. Measures OBLA/lactate threshold/occurs at 4 mmols
Sub max of 2 marks
E. (Respiratory Exchange Ratio) - ratio of carbon dioxide released compared to oxygen used by
the body
F. Estimates use of fats and carbohydrates used during exercise/ calculates energy expenditure
G. Tells if performer working aerobically/anaerobically/energy system used
H. RER close to 1 performer using carbohydrates/close to 0.7 using fats/respiratory quotient

24
Q

Gymnastic events can last up to 90 seconds.

Explain how the majority of energy is provided for these events. (7 marks)

A

A. Anaerobic/without oxygen
B. (during first few seconds) stored ATP splits/breaks down initially/ATP breaks down to ADP + P
+ energy
C. ATP-PC/system/phosphocreatine system/alactic system
D. PC = C + P(i) + energy/creatine + phosphate/PC broken down;
E. Energy used for ATP resynthesis/ADP + P + energy = ATP/ADP + PC = ATP + C;
F. Lasts 5-10 seconds/limited supply
G. Lactic acid system/Lactate anaerobic system
H. Glycogen/glucose breakdown
I. Glycolysis
J. To pyruvate/pyruvic acid
K. Lactate/lactic acid formed

25
Q

Outline the function and process of the fast component of the recovery process. (4 marks)

A

A. EPOC explanation - volume of oxygen consumed in recovery above the resting rate
B. The alactacid/alactic (debt/component)
C. Re-saturation of myoglobin/haemoglobin with oxygen
D. Re-synthesise ATP/PC levels
E. Uses 2-4 litres of oxygen
F. Completed in 2-3 minutes
G. 50% PC stores replenished within 30 seconds/75% within 60 seconds

26
Q

Competitive swimmers will often compete in several events and suffer from fatigue due to limited
recovery time.
Explain the possible causes of fatigue during a race. (3 marks)

A

A. Build up of lactic acid /accumulation of hydrogen ions/OBLA
B. Glycogen depletion/needed for glycolysis
C. Dehydration/reduces blood flow/loss of electrolytes/increase
body temperature
D. Reduced levels of calcium
E. Reduced levels of acetylcholine/slows nerve impulse and
inhibits contraction
F. Lack of PC stores

27
Q

What do you understand by the term lactate threshold and why should games players keep
below it? (2 marks)

A
  1. Lactate threshold - accumulation of lactate/lactic acid in blood/OBLA/4 mmols in blood
  2. Too much lactate leads to fatigue/deteriorating performance
  3. Because of high acidity/low pH/increased H+/inhibiting enzymes
28
Q

In terms of recovery, explain the relationship between lactate threshold and the functions of
Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC). (5 marks)

A
  1. Lactate removed during EPOC
  2. Slow/lactacid component
  3. Oxygen used/needed for aerobic energy/ATP production formation
  4. Lactate mainly converted back into pyruvate
  5. Mitochondria/Kreb’s cycle/to CO2 and H2O
  6. In inactive muscles/other organs (liver)
  7. Some lactate converted to glucose/glycogen/protein
  8. Cori cycle
  9. Some excreted in urine and sweat
29
Q

What are the advantages for a long-distance swimmer of following a high fat diet? (4 marks)

A
  1. Fat available as energy source/provide ATP
  2. Fat break down is aerobic/requires oxygen
  3. Used during low intensity exercise/available long duration exercise
  4. Insufficient glycogen to last duration of event
  5. No fatiguing by-products
  6. Fat gives buoyancy
  7. Fat as insulator
30
Q

How is the majority of energy required by games players produced? (4 marks)

A
  1. Aerobic/with oxygen;
  2. Glucose/glycogen/carbohydrate/broken down to pyruvate;
  3. Glycolysis;
  4. Mitochondria/Krebs cycle;
  5. Electron transport chain;
  6. ATP production.
31
Q

What do you understand by the term lactate threshold and how is this related to VO2 max? (3
marks)

A
  1. Levels at which lactate/lactic acid accumulates in blood;
  2. Exercise has become anaerobic/without oxygen;
  3. Lactate threshold is some proportion/percentage of VO2 max;
  4. Proportion/percentage of lactate threshold increases as fitness
    increases/delayed lactate threshold/OBLA.
32
Q

What are the functions of the fast component of EPOC? (2 marks)

A
  1. Restoration of ATP / PC levels;

2. Resaturation of myoglobin/haemoglobin with oxygen

33
Q

Explain how the functions of the slow component are achieved. (3 marks)

A
  1. Removal of lactate/lactic acid;
  2. By oxidation/aerobic energy production;
  3. In other organs (liver)/muscles/Cori cycle;
  4. Conversion to pyruvate- used as energy source;
  5. To water and carbon dioxide;
  6. Conversion to glycogen / glucose;
  7. Some converted to protein / some excreted in sweat and / or urine;
  8. Oxygen used to maintain high work rates of heart / breathing muscles;
  9. Extra oxygen used as temperature remains high
34
Q

What is OBLA

A
  • its where the lactate levels go above 4mm per litre
35
Q

List some factors affecting lactate accumulation

A
  • exercise intensity
  • muscle fibre type
  • rate of blood lactate accumulation
  • the respiratory exchange ratio
  • fitness of performer

A-LEVEL PHYSICAL EDUCATION (50 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions