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A-LEVEL PHYSICAL EDUCATION > THE GOLDEN TRIANGLE > Flashcards

THE GOLDEN TRIANGLE Flashcards

1
Q

What three bodies does the golden triangle contain?

A

Sport, media, business (commercialisation)

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2
Q

Define globalisation?

A

The process whereby nations are increasingly being linked together and people are becoming more independent via improvements in communication and travel

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3
Q

What is merchandising?

A

The practice in which the brand or image from one ‘product’ is used to sell another (e.g. professional sports performers/teams promote various products including mobile phones, betting companies etc.).

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4
Q

What is sponsorship?

A

When a company pays for their product to be publicly displayed or advertised, usually an attempt to increase the sales that goods

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5
Q

Define commercialisation?

A

The process of attempting to gain money from an activity e.g. sport

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6
Q

What is media?

A

And organised means of communication by which large numbers of different people can be reached quickly

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7
Q

Define social media?

A

Online apps and websites which allow users to interact by sharing content and taking part in social networking

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8
Q

Summarise the golden triangle?

A
  • each needs the other to succeed
  • Media uses sport to gain viewers/readers
  • media used by businesses for advertising
  • businesses pay for media advertising space/time
  • businesses pay sport to act as an advertising medium
  • Sport must be in media to attract sponsorship
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9
Q

Describe the inter relationships of the three aspects of the golden triangle

A
  • The media use sport to gain viewers/readers.
  • The media are used by businesses/sponsors for advertising purposes, promoting the company name and the products it sells.
  • Businesses/sponsors pay the media for advertising time and space on TV, online, on the radio and in the newspapers.
  • They also pay large amounts to sports/sports performers to act for them as an advertising medium to sell more of their goods.
  • Sports are aware that they need to appear in the media to attract sponsorship, increase their profile and appeal to a wide audience.
  • Sports need to be more professionally managed as a result of the increasingly commercialised nature of sport
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10
Q

Golden triangle advantages to the elite performer

A
  • Can be paid millions to endorse products
  • Fame/status
  • other opportunities/follow on Career
  • Can receive high quality equipment to use to help performance
  • can train full time and not have to complete another job to fund training so can focus on becoming the best at their sport
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11
Q

Golden triangle disadvantages to the elite performer

A
  • no privacy/constantly scrutinised
  • event times may make conditions less favourable for performers
  • withdrawal from sponsorship can cause financial difficulties
  • Product may have a bad image Or be on ethical giving a bad reputation to the performer
  • required appearances take time away from training
  • negative reporting can loose sponsorship
  • Pressure to win at all costs to keep sponsorship
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12
Q

Golden triangle advantages to sport

A

• more media coverage
• sponsorship
•Higher profile of sport=more commercial interest
• raised awareness of sports helps increase participation
•Sports gets money for allowing events to be televised
• Sport can become more popular/more fans
• increase funding from sponsors used to:
Run events
Develop better facilities
Develop grassroots to elite performers

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13
Q

What is OFCOM?

A

The communications regulator in the UK (e.g. they regulate the television sector).

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14
Q

What is ring-fenced?

A

A number of sporting events at national and international level must be available for viewing on terrestrial or free-to-access TV rather than on satellite and subscription channels.

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15
Q

What is high socio-economic demographic?

A

A sport played or watched by individuals with high levels of disposable income.

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16
Q

State the reasons why certain sporting events should continue to be ‘ring-fenced’.

A
  • To access the widest number/range of viewers to watch the event
  • To avoid restricting coverage to subscription channels available only to those who can afford them
  • To increase geographical access for all viewers in all parts of the country to major sporting events
  • To enable viewing of certain events which are seen as part of the UK’s sporting heritage/sporting culture
  • To enable access to sporting events which should be freely available to all to view, e.g. the Olympic Games and Football World Cup.
17
Q

Describe the possible disadvantages of media coverage for a sport.

A

• National governing bodies/sports performers lose control to TV/sponsors; the traditional nature of a sport is lost, e.g. rule structures/timings of a sport are adapted to suit the demands of TV/sponsors.
• The media control the location of events, as well as kick-off times and, in some cases, playing seasons (e.g. Super League Rugby switched to a ‘summer’ game). There is sometimes too much sport on TV, which can lead to possible boredom of spectators and/or lower attendance at events which are on TV.
• There are inequalities of coverage - more popular sports (e.g. football) gain at the expense of minority sports (e.g. squash). Certain prestigious events are now available only on satellite TV, which requires a subscription payment, e.g. Test cricket and Ryder Cup golf. This means there are fewer viewers for some sports due to the increasing control of Sky/BT Sport.
• Demands of media/sponsors negatively impact on high-level performers (e.g. demands for interviews/personal appearances).
• The media can sometimes over-sensationalise or over-dramatise certain negative events in sport. A win-at-all-costs attitude develops due to high rewards on offer, which leads to
negative, deviant acts and players becoming negative role models (e.g. in football, arguing with officials or diving to win a penalty).
• More breaks in play (e.g. for adverts) can disrupt the spectator experience.

18
Q

Identify the characteristics of commercial sport.

A
  • It has extensive media coverage.
  • It gains large audiences/viewing figures/high level of ticket sales.
  • It links to professional sport.
  • Players are contracted to perform/endorse products.
  • Extensive advertising/merchandising/sponsorship deals are evident.
  • Winning is important, as it creates a link with success.
  • Sport is media friendly/entertaining.
19
Q

Discuss the impact of sponsorship deals on the behaviour of elite sport performers.

A

Positive impact:
• Train harder to produce higher quality performances
• Increased need to maintain discipline to protect the positive image that sponsors require
• Increased need to display sportsmanship/fair play on the field of play
• Increased need to develop good image off the field of play (e.g. community/charity work)

Negative impact:
• Increased pressure to win/win-at-all-costs attitude
• Increased deviancy/temptation to cheat, e.g. drugs/increased use of gamesmanship/over-aggression
• Negative off-field behaviour, e.g. drinking/gambling
• Increased pressure to compete when injured/overtraining

20
Q

Explain how the increased level of media coverage of sport and sporting events has positively affected spectators.

A

• Increased performance standards; players are of a higher standard and provide a high level of excitement and entertainment
• Improved quality of facilities; bigger, higher quality stadiums result from increased investment
• Improved viewing experience via innovations such as changes in ball colour, creation of team merchandise to create team loyalty
• Increased access to watch sport; more opportunities to watch events live via more competitions/events/matches taking place
• More variations of a sport format develop, which provide alternative viewing experiences
• More funding available to provide
entertainment (e.g. cheerleaders/pop stars) at sports events
• Rule changes provide extra interest and excitement for the spectator (e.g. Twenty20 cricket)
• Increased funding for improved technology at a ground (e.g. video screens) and at home (e.g. interactive technology/HD coverage of sport/ referee link)
• Increased excitement in the audience while awaiting the decisions of off-field officials (e.g. Hawk-Eye in tennis)

21
Q

Define the term ‘sportsmanship’ and identify how companies benefit from their involvement in sport. (4)

A

Sponsorship - the provision of money and/or support for a commercial return

Benefits to company:
• Increased sales/promotion of a product
• Increased brand awareness and improved company image linked to the healthy image of sport
• Opportunity for corporate hospitality
• Decrease in the amount of tax the company pays as sponsorship is tax deductible

22
Q

Define the term ‘sponsorship’ and identify how companies benefit from their involvement in sport. (4)

A

Sponsorship is the provision of funds, money, support for a commercial return via increased sales from promotion of a product, increased brand awareness by linking the brand to the healthy image of a sport, providing opportunities for corporate hospitality and decreasing tax as sponsorship tax is deductible.

23
Q

list 6 examples of media?

A 
TV
Newspapers
Magazines
Radio
Internet
Social media
24
Q

Sports which have these characteristics are particulalry attractive to the media

A

High levels of skill, competitive, well-matched.
Visually appealing, excitement, aggression e.g. rugby.
Easily understood, simple rules.
Easy to televise and short time-scale.
Nationally relevant with easily identifiable personalities and role models.

25
Q

What characteristics make sport attractive as a commercial enterprise?

A

Extensive media coverage.
Large audiences and ticket sales.
Links to pro sport.
Players contracted to endorse products.
Extensive advertising, merchandising or sponsorship opportunities.
Winning important as it creates link with success.
Media-friendly/entertaining.

26
Q

Benefits of sponsorship to business

A

Increased sales and promotion of a product.
Increased brand awareness.
Improved company image linked to healthy image of sport.
Opportunities to entertain clients via corporate hospitality.
Decreasing amount of tax, sponsorship tax deductible.

27
Q

Benefits of sponsorship to performer

A

Increased wages, prize money, extrinsic rewards.
Increased availability of pro cotracts where performers devote themselves to full time sport.
Behave well to maintain good public image.
Increased funding to pay for access to high-quality training support and specialist equipment etc.

28
Q

Disadvantages of sponsorship to performer

A

Increased pressure to win to maintain extrinsic rewards.
Increase in deviant behaviour due to increased pressure to win e.g. performing when injured, drugs.
Treated as commodities and sponsors become too demanding e.g. interviews, appearences.
Inequality of funding means performers in minority sports miss out on opportunities.

29
Q

Advantages of increased media coverage and commercialisation for coaches

A

Higher profile, increased public awareness.
Increased salaries.
Invest money into improving playing squads and facilities.
Enables coaches to analyse opponents more and learn from other coaches.

30
Q

Disadvantages of increased media coverage and commercialisation for coaches

A

Intense pressure to be successful.
Public expectation, easy to lose jobs.
Inequalities of sponsorship and funding mean coaches and managers in lower level clubs and minority sports find it difficult attracting high level performers.

31
Q

Advantages of increased media coverage and commercialisation for officials

A

Increased profile.
Increased salary.
Increased funding to invest in support systems and training to improve standards of officiating.
Increased funding to invest in technology and aid decision making.

32
Q

Disadvantages of increased media coverage and commercialisation for officials

A

Increased pressure on officials to get decisions right.
Increased expectation to respond to media enquiries and explain decisions.
Risk of losing job of bad decision highlighted in media.
Technology to aid officials not always available.
Officials becoming too dependent on technology

33
Q

Advantages of increased media coverage and commercialisation for spectators

A

Increased performance standards.
Improved quality of facilities.
Improved viewing experiences due to changes in ball colours etc.
Increased access to watch sport.
Development of more variations of a sport format providing alternative viewing experiences.
More funding available to provide entertainment e.g. cheerleaders.
Rule changes add excitement e.g. Twenty20.
Increased funding for improved technology at ground e.g. screens.
Increased excitement in audience while waiting for decisons via TMO etc.
Increased awareness and knowledge, more positive role models.
Increased elimination of negative aspects e.g. hooliganism.

34
Q

Disadvantages of increased media coverage and commercialisation for spectators

A

Increased costs to watch sport e.g. Pay Per View.
Loss of traditional nature of sport e.g. coloured clothing in cricket.
Increased number of breaks in play due to advertisements.
Fewer tickets available as more allocated to corporate hospitality.
Changes in KO times to maximise viewing figures.
Minority sports likely to receive less coverage.
Links to team or player merchandise can be viewed negatively due to their high cost and regularity of change.

35
Q

main things:

A
  • all three work in conjunction with each other.
  • sport is at the top
  • essence of sort must remain a focus
  • modern day sport needs the money
  • balance of full time, make a living snd player sport
  • business is sponsorship
  • televised globally
  • ## exposure
36
Q

Exam tips:

A
  • focus on elite athletes
  • money
  • sponsorships
  • endorsements
  • social media
  • business
  • commodities (athletes)
  • professional sport
  • more money within sport
  • fame, glory and riches.
  • pressure to win- win ethic
  • exposure
  • celebrity
  • expectation

A-LEVEL PHYSICAL EDUCATION (50 decks)

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