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Block 4 Found Sci > VIII-Sleep > Flashcards

VIII-Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

sleep def

A

behaviorally by the normal suspension of consciuosness + electrophysiologically by specific brain wave criteria

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2
Q

types of behavior

A
  1. wakefulness- aware of self and environment
  2. Non REM (stages 1-4) = uncon with cortical synchrony
  3. REM = uncon with active cortex, dreaming, paralysis
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3
Q

theories of sleep benefits

A
  1. protection by sleeping in the dark
  2. recuperation to restore brain and body tissue
  3. remembering (consolidation) to reset brain connections
  4. growth by pituitary gland
  5. waste removal of neurotoxic products by glymphatic drainage system
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4
Q

circadian regulation

A
  1. retinal ganglion cells carry light-dark cycle info to SCN
  2. light signals hypothalamus (suprachiasmatic nucleus) to stop pineal gland releasing melatonin SO when dark melatonin inc/sleepiness
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5
Q

SCN signaling pathway to pineal

A

NOT direct
1. suprachiasmatic nucleus
2. paraventricular nucleus
3. sympathetic ganglion
4. pineal gland

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6
Q

how brain waves are categorized

A
  1. frequency- cycles per second
  2. synchrony- wave amplitude
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7
Q

stage 1 sleep

A

NON REM - quiet sleep
just drifting, fantastic images or auditory hallucinations

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8
Q

stage 2 sleep

A

NON REM - quiet
more relaxed, clearly asleep
-sleep spindles (short burst of activity) occur

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9
Q

stage 3 sleep

A

NON REM- deep, slow wave sleep
transitional stage to deeper sleep
-consolidation happens

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10
Q

stage 4 sleep

A

NON REM - deep, slow wave sleep
-deepest sleep of all, hard to awaken but only occurs during first few cycles of the night
-consolidation happens, highest synchrony

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11
Q

REM sleep

A

paradoxical sleep
-low amplitude, fast, regular beta waves similar to awake-aroused state
-rapid eye movements, vivid dreams,
-brain very active but muscles are relaxed, paralyzed
-time spent in REM increases throughout the night

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12
Q

EEG wave patterns

A
  1. awake = high freq beta waves
  2. drowsy = alpha waves (relaxed wakefullness)
  3. stage 1 = theta waves
  4. stage 2 = sleep spindles + mixed waves
  5. slow wave = more delta waves
  6. REM = high frequency beta waves like alert

stage 1>4 activity slows down but gets more synchronized

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13
Q

when is REM least likely to occur

A

during the first 60 minutes of normal adult sleep
-bc go through stages 1-4 first

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14
Q

physiologic changes during non REM

A

DEC - oxygen use by brain, metabolic rate, HR, BP, RR

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15
Q

physiologic changes during REM

A
  1. active brain
  2. bursts of eye movements
  3. irregular HR and RR
  4. depressed muscle tone thru body
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16
Q

mediates bursts of eye movement during REM

A

PGO spikes (pontine-geniculate-occipital)

17
Q

REM sleep atonia

A

suppression of activity in LMNs + neural mechanisms so that people don’t act out dreams

-if have REM behavior disorder then no atonia

18
Q

mechanism of LMN inhibition in atonia

A
  1. pons excites medullary neurons to inhibit spinal motor neurons
  2. glycinergic neurons in medullary reticular area send fibers to reticulospinal tract to postsynaptically inhibit motor neurons (suppress extensor activity bilaterally)
19
Q

muscle relaxation contrast

A

relaxed in both REM and non but post synaptic inhibition of alpha motor neurons is more intense during REM
-not all muscles inhibited though (respiratory and eye)

20
Q

neurotransmitters during wakefullness

A
  1. acetylcholine
  2. norepinephrine
  3. serotonin
  4. histamine
  5. orexin
21
Q

neurotransmitters during sleep

A
  1. acteylcholine
  2. norepinephrine
  3. serotonin

all decrease in non REM then inactivate during REM except Ach stays active for PGO

22
Q

sleep patterns with age

A

sleep less as get older (dec REM)
-newborns get 8 hours REM

23
Q

sleep deprivation signs

A
  1. diff focusing, less productive
  2. inc tendency to make mistakes
  3. irritability and fatigue
  4. dec immune system
  5. hallucinations after 72 hours
24
Q

insomnia

A

diff initiating or maintaining sleep during normal periods
-excessive sleepiness and sleep during normal waking period

25
Q

parasomnias

A
  1. bed wetting/nocturnal enuresis
  2. sleep walking/somnambulism
  3. sleep terros
  4. REM sleep behavior disorder
  5. sleep apnea (central or obstructive)

sleep cycle disorders

26
Q

narcolepsy

A

sleep attacks, excessive sleepiness

27
Q

obstructive sleep apnea

A

failure to breathe when asleep = chronic loud snoring
-sleep fragmentation bc waking up in the night to breathe
-treat with weight loss and CPAP

28
Q

probable cause of narcolepsy

A

reduction/absence of hypothalamic cells that produce orexin (hypocretin) from autoimmune attack
-orexin regs arousal and wakefullness

29
Q

symptoms of narcolepsy

A
  1. sleep attacks- go directly into REM
  2. cataplexy- attack of muscle weakness and hypotonia triggered by emo stims
  3. sleep paralysis
  4. hallucinations
  5. dec voluntary sleep latency
30
Q

distinguish generalized and focal seizure

A

generalized = entire brain involved, all of the clonic/tonics

partial = only part of brain involved, either simple or complex partial

31
Q

stages of tonic-clonic seizures

grand mal

A
  1. tonic - inc muscle tone
  2. clonic - jerky movements
  3. postictal - altered state of consciousness
32
Q

what type of epilepsy has EEG records of 3/sec spikes and dome pattern

A

absence seizures
-sudden transient interruption of consciousness so vacant stare, eyes roll, lids flutter, lack of response
-disappears by adulthood

33
Q

major diffs b/t simple partial and complex partial seizures

A

simple does not affect general consciousness so very limited symptoms
-complex does affect so confusion or disorient (temporal or frontal lobe)

Block 4 Found Sci (67 decks)

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