VIII-Sleep

Question 1

sleep def

Answer 1

behaviorally by the normal suspension of consciuosness + electrophysiologically by specific brain wave criteria

Question 2

types of behavior

Answer 2

1. wakefulness- aware of self and environment
2. Non REM (stages 1-4) = uncon with cortical synchrony
3. REM = uncon with active cortex, dreaming, paralysis

Question 3

theories of sleep benefits

Answer 3

1. protection by sleeping in the dark
2. recuperation to restore brain and body tissue
3. remembering (consolidation) to reset brain connections
4. growth by pituitary gland
5. waste removal of neurotoxic products by glymphatic drainage system

Question 4

circadian regulation

Answer 4

1. retinal ganglion cells carry light-dark cycle info to SCN
2. light signals hypothalamus (suprachiasmatic nucleus) to stop pineal gland releasing melatonin SO when dark melatonin inc/sleepiness

Question 5

SCN signaling pathway to pineal

Answer 5

NOT direct
1. suprachiasmatic nucleus
2. paraventricular nucleus
3. sympathetic ganglion
4. pineal gland

Question 6

how brain waves are categorized

Answer 6

1. frequency- cycles per second
2. synchrony- wave amplitude

Question 7

stage 1 sleep

Answer 7

NON REM - quiet sleep
just drifting, fantastic images or auditory hallucinations

Question 8

stage 2 sleep

Answer 8

NON REM - quiet
more relaxed, clearly asleep
-sleep spindles (short burst of activity) occur

Question 9

stage 3 sleep

Answer 9

NON REM- deep, slow wave sleep
transitional stage to deeper sleep
-consolidation happens

Question 10

stage 4 sleep

Answer 10

NON REM - deep, slow wave sleep
-deepest sleep of all, hard to awaken but only occurs during first few cycles of the night
-consolidation happens, highest synchrony

Question 11

REM sleep

Answer 11

paradoxical sleep
-low amplitude, fast, regular beta waves similar to awake-aroused state
-rapid eye movements, vivid dreams,
-brain very active but muscles are relaxed, paralyzed
-time spent in REM increases throughout the night

Question 12

EEG wave patterns

Answer 12

1. awake = high freq beta waves
2. drowsy = alpha waves (relaxed wakefullness)
3. stage 1 = theta waves
4. stage 2 = sleep spindles + mixed waves
5. slow wave = more delta waves
6. REM = high frequency beta waves like alert

stage 1>4 activity slows down but gets more synchronized

Question 13

when is REM least likely to occur

Answer 13

during the first 60 minutes of normal adult sleep
-bc go through stages 1-4 first

Question 14

physiologic changes during non REM

Answer 14

DEC - oxygen use by brain, metabolic rate, HR, BP, RR

Question 15

physiologic changes during REM

Answer 15

1. active brain
2. bursts of eye movements
3. irregular HR and RR
4. depressed muscle tone thru body

Question 16

mediates bursts of eye movement during REM

Answer 16

PGO spikes (pontine-geniculate-occipital)

Question 17

REM sleep atonia

Answer 17

suppression of activity in LMNs + neural mechanisms so that people don’t act out dreams

-if have REM behavior disorder then no atonia

Question 18

mechanism of LMN inhibition in atonia

Answer 18

1. pons excites medullary neurons to inhibit spinal motor neurons
2. glycinergic neurons in medullary reticular area send fibers to reticulospinal tract to postsynaptically inhibit motor neurons (suppress extensor activity bilaterally)

Question 19

muscle relaxation contrast

Answer 19

relaxed in both REM and non but post synaptic inhibition of alpha motor neurons is more intense during REM
-not all muscles inhibited though (respiratory and eye)

Question 20

neurotransmitters during wakefullness

Answer 20

1. acetylcholine
2. norepinephrine
3. serotonin
4. histamine
5. orexin

Question 21

neurotransmitters during sleep

Answer 21

1. acteylcholine
2. norepinephrine
3. serotonin

all decrease in non REM then inactivate during REM except Ach stays active for PGO

Question 22

sleep patterns with age

Answer 22

sleep less as get older (dec REM)
-newborns get 8 hours REM

Question 23

sleep deprivation signs

Answer 23

1. diff focusing, less productive
2. inc tendency to make mistakes
3. irritability and fatigue
4. dec immune system
5. hallucinations after 72 hours

Question 24

insomnia

Answer 24

diff initiating or maintaining sleep during normal periods
-excessive sleepiness and sleep during normal waking period

Question 25

parasomnias

Answer 25

1. bed wetting/nocturnal enuresis 2. sleep walking/somnambulism 3. sleep terros 4. REM sleep behavior disorder 5. sleep apnea (central or obstructive) | sleep cycle disorders

Question 26

narcolepsy

Answer 26

sleep attacks, excessive sleepiness

Question 27

obstructive sleep apnea

Answer 27

failure to breathe when asleep = chronic loud snoring -sleep fragmentation bc waking up in the night to breathe -treat with weight loss and CPAP

Question 28

probable cause of narcolepsy

Answer 28

reduction/absence of hypothalamic cells that produce orexin (hypocretin) from autoimmune attack -orexin regs arousal and wakefullness

Question 29

symptoms of narcolepsy

Answer 29

1. sleep attacks- go directly into REM 2. cataplexy- attack of muscle weakness and hypotonia triggered by emo stims 3. sleep paralysis 4. hallucinations 5. dec voluntary sleep latency

Question 30

distinguish generalized and focal seizure

Answer 30

generalized = entire brain involved, all of the clonic/tonics partial = only part of brain involved, either simple or complex partial

Question 31

stages of tonic-clonic seizures | grand mal

Answer 31

1. tonic - inc muscle tone 2. clonic - jerky movements 3. postictal - altered state of consciousness

Question 32

what type of epilepsy has EEG records of 3/sec spikes and dome pattern

Answer 32

absence seizures -sudden transient interruption of consciousness so vacant stare, eyes roll, lids flutter, lack of response -disappears by adulthood

Question 33

major diffs b/t simple partial and complex partial seizures

Answer 33

simple does not affect general consciousness so very limited symptoms -complex does affect so confusion or disorient (temporal or frontal lobe)