VI-Gallbladder and Liver

Question 1

direction of blood thru liver

Answer 1

from circulation to portal vein towards central vein

Question 2

bile flow thru liver

Answer 2

opposite of blood- goes toward portal vein from central

canaliculi > ductule > duct > common bile duct

Question 3

processing chemicals by hepatocytes

Answer 3

1. uptake of compound across basolateral membrane
2. transport intracellular
3. biotransformation thru chemical processing
4. secretion either back thru basolateral to blood if hydrophilic OR thru apical to bile if hydrophobic/has lipids

Question 4

phases of biotransformation

Answer 4

1. a chemical rxn aka oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis to expose functional group to make more polar
2. conjugation via sulfation, acetylation, etc

Question 5

bile acid salt pathway

Answer 5

1. cholesterol
2. cholic or chenodeoxycholic acid (primary)
3. glycine or taurine conjugation
4. deoxycholic or lithocholic acid (secondary)

Question 6

bile secretion stim by

Answer 6

Ach to contract gallbladdder
+ relax sphincter of oddi

inhibited by somatostatin

Question 7

primary site of bile recycling

Answer 7

ileum- has Na/bile salt cotransporter for primary site of uptake for recycling
-from the half of bile that flows into the duodenum

Question 8

impaired biotransformation markers

Answer 8

1. inc concerntration of compounds that need conjugation to be eliminated like bilirubin
2. accumulation of toxins

Question 9

hepatocyte damage markers

Answer 9

ALT and AST

Question 10

impaired protein synthesis markers

Answer 10

1. lack of proteins like albumin in systemic circulation

Question 11

impaired bile flow markers

Answer 11

1. inc concentration of conjugated bilirubin in circulation
2. gray or clay colored, fatty stool

Question 12

consequences of portal hypertension

Answer 12

1. varices
2. splenomegaly
3. ascites
4. hepatic encephalopathy