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Bacte LEC > Vibrio, Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Aeromonas & Plesiomonas > Flashcards

Vibrio, Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Aeromonas & Plesiomonas Flashcards

1
Q

Vibrios
• Natural habitants of seawater (Halophilic)
Except:?????

A

Vibrio cholerae
Vibrio mimicus

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2
Q

Vibrios

• Mode of Transmission:

• Isolated from…

A

Drinking contaminated water or seafood

Gastrointestinal tract (for patients with Gastritis), blood and wound infections

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3
Q

Vibrios

• Motile (______flagellum), Gram-Negative bacteria; comma-shaped; or curved rods

In______, they may lose the bended shape, and retain a straight morphology

A

single polar

prolonged culture

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4
Q

Vibrios

• aerobic condition???
• Oxidase (+), EXCEPT:???
• Fermentative → Carbohydrate metabolism

A

Facultative anaerobes or aerobic

Vibrio metschnikoii (oxidase negative)

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5
Q

Vibrios Culture Media
• media used????
• Incubate at ______ hours for ____C

→ Subculture to _______???
• Initial pH of______, for initial isolation

A

Alkaline Peptone Water (enrichment media)

5-8 hours at 35 degrees Celsius

Thiosulfate-citate-bile salts-sucrose (TCBS) agar

8.4

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6
Q

• Thiosulfate-citate-bile salts-sucrose (TCBS) agar

Components????

• Important in inhibiting gram positive bacteria and lactose fermenting gram negative bacteria

A

• Sucrose
• oxgall (derivative of bile salt)
• sodium citrate
• bromothymol blue
• thymol blue

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7
Q

Vibrios

•______- High pH enhances growth of Vibrios, they cannot grow in an acidic environment / killed by acids
• Smooth Yellow color for Sucrose fermenters

A

pH (8.6)

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8
Q

Vibrios
Sucrose Positive

A

Vibrio cholerae

Vibrio alginolyticus

Vibrio fluvialis

Vibrio furnissii

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9
Q

Vibrios

Sucrose Negative

A

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Vibrio vulnificus

Vibrio mimicus

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10
Q

• Causative agent of CHOLERA

A

Vibrio cholerae

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11
Q

Vibrios

• GIT infection characterized by severe diarrhea
• Death may occur as a result of severe dehydration

A

V. cholerae

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12
Q

Vibrios

• Mode of Transmission: Ingestion of contaminated seafoods, undercooked shellfish, and drinking contaminated water

Halotolerant, non-halophilic
Ferments sucrose

A

V. cholerae

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13
Q

Vibrio cholerae

ANTIGENIC STRUCTURE AND BIOLOGIC
CLASSIFICATION
__________
• Poorly immunogenic

__________- serologically specific
• O1 strain (causes epidemic and pandemic)
• Non-O1 straint (cholera-like disease)
• 130-139 serologic groups of the O antigen
» there may be different O antigens, but they share the same H antigen

A

• Flagellar (H) antigen

• Somatic (O) Antigen

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14
Q

V cholerae

•________ strain (causes epidemic and pandemic)
•_______ strain (cholera-like disease)
• ________ (how many) serologic groups of the O antigen
» there may be different O antigens, but they share the same H antigen

A

O1 strain

Non-O1 strain

130-139

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15
Q

Vibrio cholerae serotype 01 (3 serogroups)
• - isolated in India
• - from the Philippines
• - from Japan

A

Ogawa

Inaba

Hikojima

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16
Q

• Epidemic strain → categorized into 2 biotypes: (2)

_______ is responsible for the recent pandemics

A

Classical & El Tor

El Tor

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17
Q

Classic vs El Tor

RBC Hemolysis

Vogues-Proskauer

Polymyxin B (50 U)

A

Classic vs El Tor

Nonhemolytic | Beta-hemolytic

     Negative | Positive

 Susceptible | Resistant
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18
Q

Classic vs El Tor

Agglutination of chicken RBC

Clinical Significance

A

Negative | Positive

-Cholera (First 6 Pandemics = 1817, 1829, 1846, 1863, 1881, 1899)
———————————
-Cholera Seventh Pandemic 1961

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19
Q

Vibrio cholerae O139(last) is very similar to Vibrio cholerae O1 _______ biotype

• To differentiate: perform?????

A

El Tor

Antigen detection or detect the polysaccharide capsule

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20
Q

Vibrio cholerae

O1 Antigen | Polysaccharide capsule

A

Negative
Positive

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21
Q

Vibrio cholerae

O1 Antigen | Polysaccharide capsule

Vibr cholerae O1

A

Positive | Negative

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22
Q

________Pathology and Pathogenesis

• Pathogenic only for humans.
• Normal gastric acidity

A

Vibrio cholerae

ID = >10^10 or more Vibrio cholerae in water for infection to occur

=<10^2 - 10^4 organism in food for infection to occur

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23
Q

Vibrio cholerae PATHOGENESIS
• Severe diarrhea = ________
→ bowel mucosa → outpouring of water and electrolytes (rice-watery stool) → severe dehydration → severe muscle cramping and anuria → death

• Vibrio cholerae produces heat labile enterotoxin (___&____subunits)

• A subunit causes I level of cAMP (increased cAMP levels usually leads to hypersecretion of water and electrolytes into the lumen)

A

choleragen (potent enterotoxin)

A & B

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24
Q

SPECIMEN: stool, rectal swab (accepted usually in the acute phase)

• Specimen Transport is done with_____

A

Vibrio cholerae DIAGNOSIS

Cary-Blair

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25
Q

• SMEAR: ????

• CULTURE
•____; (rapid growth)
• Blood Agar Plate with pH 9
• TCBS Peptone agar; smooth, yellow coloines

A

Gram-negative bacteria; Comma-shaped

Peptone agar

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26
Q

Vibrios

• STRING TEST (______)
→ viscous string

• SEROTYPING
Serogroups _______→ cholera epidemics
• Biochemical reaction patterns

A

0.5% sodium deoxycholate

O1 and O39

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27
Q

Vibrio cholerae TREATMENT
• _________ replacement is very important
• Oral_______
Note: Some Vibrio cholerae acquired resistance already (Transmissible plasmids > jumping genes)
Perform Antimicrobial susceptibility testing

A

Water and electrolyte

tetracycline

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28
Q

Epidemic and pandemic cholera
“Asiatic cholera” first noted in India due to culture and practices

A

Vibrio cholerae

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29
Q

Gastroenteritis
(ingestion of contaminated food)

Most common agent of infections caused by eating contaminated seafoods

A

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

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30
Q

ABLE TO DEMONSTRATE A PHENOMENON where clinical isolates demonstrates hemolytic capacities on BAP, while those isolated from non-human sources are not hemolytic.

→ Kanagawa phenomenon →
Kanagawa toxin, a thermostable hemolysin seen only in HUMAN samples → Wagatsuma agar

A

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

31
Q

Is a blood agar plate that contains high salt, mannitol concentrations

A

Wagatsuma agar

32
Q

Septicemia and wound infection

A

Vibrio vulnificus

33
Q

Gastroenteritis and ear infection (marine environment)

A

Vibrio mimicus

34
Q

Wound and ear infection (marine environment)

A

Vibrio anginolyticus

35
Q

Gastroenteritis and diarrhea (marine environment)

A

Vibrio fluvialis

Vibrio furnissii

36
Q

• Found in both fresh and seawater

A

Awromonas

37
Q

• Causes diseases in cold-blooded animals

A

Aeromonas

38
Q

• Lab Diagnosis:
• Mac, Eosin-Methylene Blue, SSA, CIN medium
• Perform oxidase test
• Fermentation of glucose and indole
production
• Motile: monotrichous

A

Aeromonas

39
Q

Aeromonas

Most common human isolate

Heat labile enterotoxin and heat stable cytotoxic enterotoxin

Produce protease, lipase, and nuclease enzymes

A

Aeromonas hydrophilia

40
Q

Motile, straight, round Gram-negative bacteria

Now categorized as enteric bacteria

Previously belonged to the Vibrionaceae family together with Aeromonas, but currently they are categorized as Enteric bacteria

A

Plesiomonas

41
Q

Important in tropical and subtropical countries, and in Japan

A

Plesiomonas shigelloides

42
Q

Infection: gastroenteritis
• Mild with no blood or mucus in stool

Mode of Transmission: Ingestion of contaminated food

A

Plesiomonas shigelloides

43
Q

Plesiomonas shigelloides

• Lab Diagnosis:

A

BAP, NLF on MacConkey & EMB
Oxidase and Indole (+)

44
Q

Gelatin test

Who’s negative?

A

Plesiomonas

45
Q

Who has growth on TCBS agar

A

Vibrio

46
Q

Positive for NaCl requirement

A

Vibrio

47
Q

Who ferments inositol

A

Pleisiomonas

48
Q

Campylobacter
19 species, but most significant is…

A

Campylobacter jejuni

49
Q

• Campylobacter coli - accounts for____ of infections in humans

A

5-10%

50
Q

Campylobacter

• Substitute______ when performing gram staining

Disease: Gastroenteritis and diarhea

A

Campylobacter coli

carbolfuchsin

51
Q

Motile, microaerophilic and capnophilic
Catalase and oxidase (+)
Does not oxidize and ferment CHO
Gram-negative bacilli with comma, S, or “gull-wing” shapes

A

Campylobacter

52
Q

• Characteristic darting motility (fast movement); best demonstrated when using darkfield microscope
• Single, polar flagellum

A

Campylobacter

53
Q

Guillain-Barré syndrome

A

Campylobacter

54
Q

• An autoimmune disorder resulting from cross-reactivity of Campylobacter antibodies with the nerve ganglia

A

Guillain-Barré syndrome

55
Q

• Virulence factor:
• Able to produce Cytotoxin, cytotoxic factor and enterotoxin

• Organism multiplies in the Small intestine → invades the epithelium → inflammation
→ appearance of blood cells in stool

A

Campylobacter

56
Q

• Specimen: Stool
• Smear: “Gull-wing” shaped rods (gram-negative)

A

Campylobacter

57
Q

• CULTURE
• Campylobacter blood agar (SELECTIVE
due to the presence of Vancomycin, Polymyxin B, cephaothin, Trimethoprim and Amphotericin B )

A

Campylobacter

58
Q

Campylobacter blood agar

SELECTIVE
due to the presence of (5)

A

Vancomycin
Polymyxin B
cephaothin
Trimethoprim
Amohotericin B

59
Q

Campylobacter

(Vancomycin, polymyxin B, trimethoprim)

A

Skirrow’s medium

60
Q

Skirrow’s medium

A

Vancomycin
polymyxin B
trimethoprim

61
Q

Incubated at reduced atmospheric oxygen (___% O2) with____% CO2,___% N Fastidious

A

5

10

85

62
Q

Campylobacter

Optimal Temperature for growth:

A

42 to 43 degrees Celsius

63
Q

Gray to pink; yellow to gray colonies, nonhemolytic and slightly mucoid

A

Campylobacter

64
Q

Helicobacter

Previously:

A

Campylobacter pylori

65
Q

Characteristics:
Small, curved Gram negative bacilli, sometimes U form

A

Helicobacter

66
Q

Microaerophilic
Requirement: Oxygen (5% 02), with 10% CO2, 85% N -> incubated at 35-37 C
• Can’t grow at 42 C

A

Helicobacter

67
Q

Helicobacter

UREASE

OXIDASE

CATALASE

NITRATE

A

STRONG PRODUCER

POSITIVE

POSITIVE

NEGATIVE

68
Q

It is known to be the agent of
• ANTRAL GASTRITIS
• DUODENAL ULCERS
• PEPTIC ULCERS
• GASTRIC ULCERS
• Implicated in GASTRIC CARCINOMA

A

H. pylori

69
Q

• Grows best at pH 6- 7 (cannot survive acidic pH of the gastric lumen, so it burrows itself into the folds of the stomach wall)

• Invades mucosa, and releases the toxins and lipopolysaccharides;
damages the mucosal cells

Produces protease and ureases
and causes damage to the mucus secreting cells

When these cells are damaged, they can no longer produce mucus—it is very important covering of the epithelium to protect it from the effects of acids found inside the lumen

A

H. pylori

70
Q

CLINICAL SYNDROME
• Chronic gastritis
• Duodenal ulcer

A

Helicobacter pylori

71
Q

Helicobacter pylori LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

MICROSCOPY
• stain???

• GOLD STANDARD:???

A

Special silver stain or Modified Giemsa

Histological staining and culture of biopsy from stomach or duodenum

72
Q

• Tissue (mashed) → plated on SBAP = incubate at 37 C in microaerophilic and increased humidity environment

• Colonies: Small, gray, translucent, slightly beta hemolytic*

BIOCHEM: strong and very rapid urea production—
STRONGLY POSITVE

A

H. pylori

73
Q

DIAGNOSIS
• Serum = determination of serum IgG antibodies

Stool antigen tests = ELISA

Carbon urea breath test = detects urease

• Endoscopy → to provide sample for testing for
• Biopsy
• Microbial culture

A

H. pylori

74
Q

CHEMOTHERAPY
• Triple therapy
Metronidazole + bismuth subsalicylate or bismuth subtrate + amoxycillin or tetracycline 14 days

• Acid suppressing agent given 4-6 week

A

Helicobacter pylori

Bacte LEC (40 decks)

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