Bacterial Structure Flashcards
Oldest known forms of life on earth
Earliest fossils are prokaryotes (where bacteria are part of) over 3.5 billion years ago
BACTERIA
DIVISION OF MICROBIOLOGY
Virology
Mycology
Parasitology
Phycology
Bacteriology
- study of viruses
Scientific discipline dealing with the biology of viruses including molecular biology and biochemistry.
VIROLOGY
Viral diseases including physiology, epidemiology and clinical aspects of viruses.
It has acquired a broader significance as it encompasses the study of ecology, evolution of viruses, interaction among viruses and other microorganisms, and the ability of viruses to deliver their own heterologous genetic information into cells
VIROLOGY
Virology
The specificity of the discipline came from the concept of the virus as a_____, very different from other microorganisms, and indeed, have very peculiar characteristics.
replicative organism
small intact infectious agents
can only reproduce inside a cell they have infected
VIRUSES
Viruses
Consist of a core of RNA or DNA surrounded by protein, sometimes an_______
envelope of glycoprotein
______, including_____, are obligatory intracellular parasites containing both nucleic acids and proteins and are the most widespread species on earth.
Viruses
bacteriophages
When a____ infects a cell, this leads to profound changes of cellular homeostasis and in turn, alteration of organ functions.
virion
Study of protozoans and helminths
Study of the interaction between parasites and their hosts
PARASITOLOGY
In general,_____ tend to concentrate on eukaryotic parasites (lice, mites, protozoa and worms) with prokaryotic and other infectious agents as the focus of fields such as bacteriology, microbiology, and virology.
parasitologists
Parasitology
It’s estimated that at least half of all known species are parasitic, so understanding the_____ and _____ of these organisms wilth their host is often key to understanding the dynamics of ecosystems generally.
life cycle and interaction
______cause millions of deaths and billions of infections in humans every year
_____ of crops and animals can have equally devastating effects by disrupting global food supplies and people’s livelihoods
Parasites
• Unicellular eukaryotic organisms, enclosed in a membrane, and contain visible organelles
PROTOZOANS
______, worms (tapeworms, roundworms, flatworms), also have a microscopic stage in their lifecycle.
Multicellular parasites
are microscopic one-celled organisms that can be free-living or parasitic in nature.
They are able to multiply in humans, which contributes to their survival and also permits serious infecitons to develop from just a single organism.
PROTOZOA
Protozoa that live in the blood or tissue of humans are transmitted to other humans by an_____
• Bite of mosquito or sandfly
arthropod vector
Singular:
Single-celled eukaryotes
Similar to animals in nutrient needs and cellular structure
Protozoan
• Live freely in water; some live in animal hosts
• Asexual (most) and sexual reproduction
Protozoan
Protozoan
Most are capable of locomotion by
Pseudopodia
Cilia
Flagella
Locomotion
- cell extensions that flow in direction of travel
- numerous, short, hairlike protrusions that propel organisms through environment
- extensions of a cell that are fewer, longer, and more whiplike than cilia
Example: Entamoeba histolytica
Pseudopodia
Cilia
Flagella
- study of fungi, its importance to us and to ecology, and conservation is unsurpassed by any of the branches of biological sciences
Mycology
Fungi examples
Yeasts
Molds
• Unicellular or multicellular, thick cell wall
• Develop from spores or fragments of hyphae
Fungi (yeasts, molds)
______- scientific study of algae
Also referred to as “______,” plays a vital role in biology because algae are important in ecosystems
Phycology
Alcology
Mainly aquatic (fresh/saltwater), contain chlorophyll, carry out photosynthesis
Some species produce neurotoxins which can concentrate in fish or shellfish and cause poisoning when eaten by humans
ALGAE
Very primitive plant, and one of the first types of plants to evolve photosynthetic capabilities which allows the plant to use its green chlorophyll to turn into carbon dioxide and water into food with energy from the sun
Primarily aquatic plants that lack the structures that terrestrial plants used to stand upright.
Algae
Study of bacteria
•
Evolved from the need of physicians to test and apply the Germ theory of disease
Bacteriology
• During this period great emphasis was placed on applying Koch’s postulates to test proposed
cause-and-effect relationships between bacteria and specific diseases.
• Today, most bacterial diseases of humans and their etiologic agents have been identified.
• Althought important variants continue to evolve and
sometimes emerge.
Bacteriology
are relatively simple, single-celled (unicellular) organisms.
• Live freely in the environment.
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
Multiply by…
binary fission
(true bacteria);
(ancient bacteria) - different cell walls
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
• Do not have a nuclear membrane, are metabolically
active and divide by binary fission
• Major cause of disease
- Sophisticated and highly adaptable
Bacteria
T or F
Many bacteria multiply at rapid rates
True
Different species can utilize an enormous variety of hydrocarbon substrates, including phenol, rubber, and petroleum.
Bacteria
•
This organisms exist widely in both parasitic and free-living forms
Because they are ubiquitous and have a remarkable capacity to adapt to changing environments by selection of spontaneous mutants.
Bacteria
Bacteria range in size from______ in width or diameter and up to_____ in length for the nonspherical species.
0.2-2 microns
1-10 microns
Single-celled organisms–each of it is made up of only one cell.
Bacteria
T or F
Some species can live under extreme conditions of temperature and pressure
True
T or F
Human body is full of bacteria-it is estimated to contain more bacterial cells than human cells
True
T or F
Most bacteria in the body are harmless, and some are helpful
A relatively small number of species cause disease.
True
The largest known bacterium is______, with spheroidal diameters from
______
Thiomargarita namibiensis
100-750 microns
• Spherical bacteria as small as_____in diameter have been reported.
50-500 nm
determines which group an organism belongs to.
Cellular structure
• are unicellular organisms that lack membrane-bound structures
• Most note-worthy of which is the nucleus
• they tend to be small, simple cells, measuring 0.1-5 um in diameter
Prokaryotes
• While Prokaryotic cells don’t have membrane bound structures, they do have distinct______
• In Prokaryotic cells, DNA bundles together in a region called the_____
cellular regions
nucleoid
Prokaryotes
• Can be split into two domains
(1) bacteria
(2) archaea
Prokaryotes
•(3) are all found together floating in the cytoplasm, primitive organelles found in the bacteria do act as microcompartments to bring organization to the arrangement.
Molecules of protein
DNA
metabolites
are organisms whose cells have nucleus and other organelles enclosed by a plasma membrane
Eukaryotes
•______ are internal structures responsible for a variety of functions, such as energy production, and protein synthesis
Organelles
• Eukaryotic cells are large, around _______and complex
• Most eukraryotes are multicellular organisms, there are some single-cell eukaryotes
10-100 um
