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Bacte LEC > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Microbiology came from these three words

A

• Micros - small
• Bios - life
• Logos - study

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2
Q

is an organism that is microscopic.

A

A microorganism or a microbe

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3
Q

is the study of all living organisms that are too small to be visible with the naked eye.

A

MICROBIOLOGY

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4
Q

MICROBIOLOGY is the study of the ff. MICROBES

A

• Bacteria
• Archaea
• Viruses
• Fungi
• Prions
• Protozoa
• Algae

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5
Q

make key roles in nutrient cycling, biodegredation/biodeterioration, climate change, food spoilage, the cause and control of disease, and biotechnology.

A

microbes

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6
Q

Microbes can be put to work in many ways. Such as the ff

A

• Making life-saving drugs
• Manufacturing of biofuels
• Cleaning up pollution
• Producing/processing food and drink

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7
Q

refers to the first step that occurs when bacteria, viruses, or other microbes that cause disease enter the body and begin to multiply.

A

Infection

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8
Q

occurs when the cells in the body are damaged as a result of the infection in signs and symptoms of an illness appear.

A

Disease

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9
Q

In response to infection, the _____springs into action - an army of WBCs, antibodies, and other mechanisms goes to work to rid the body of what is causing the infection.

A

immune system

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10
Q
  • Almost swept the whole of human race
A

PATHOGENS

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11
Q

EPIDEMICS and its causes

A

Plague - Yersinia pestis
Cholera - Vibrio cholerae
Smallpox - Variola virus

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12
Q

BACTERIA
Singular: bacterium

A
  • Relatively simple, single-celled (unicellular) organisms
  • Their genetic material is not enclosed in a special nuclear membrane
  • Bacterial cells are prokaryotes
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13
Q

Viruses are so small that most can be seen only with an electron microscope, and they are_____

A

acellular (not cellular)

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14
Q

Structurally very simple, a virus particle contains a core made of…

A

only one type of nucleic acid, either
DNA or RNA (but not both)

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15
Q

Virus

The core is surrounded by a protein coat, which is sometimes encased by a lipid membrane called______.

A

ENVELOPE

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16
Q

BENEFICIAL ASPECTS of MICROBIOLOGY

A

• Industrial (food & beverages)
• Decomposers
• Normal microbiota
• Producers of oxygen (algae & cyanobacteria)
• Food chain
• Microbial Ecology
• Genetic engineering; Pharmaceuticals (antibiotics)

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17
Q

Provides a first line of defense against microbial pathogens

it assists in digestion, plays a role in toxin degradation and contribute to maturation of the immune system

A

• Normal microbiota

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18
Q

• Make vital nutrients available to an ecosystem’s primary producers

Usually plants and algae

A

Decomposers

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19
Q

Generally exploit their natural metabolic capabilities

Manufacturing of food and production of antibiotics, probiotics, drugs, vaccines, starter cultures, insecticides, enzymes, fuels, solvents

A

Industrial (food & beverages)

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20
Q

Cause diseases when the host’s defenses are compromised/ when they grow in part of the body that is not natural to them.

A

OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGENS

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21
Q

MICROBIOLOGY

GENERAL
• Purpose:

A

Study & classification of microbes.

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22
Q

• Pathogens, diseases they cause & the body’s defenses against diseases.

A

MEDICAL

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23
Q

• Spread & control of diseases in animals.

A

VETERINARY

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24
Q

The role is in microbes in plants & livestock.

A

AGRICULTURAL

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25
Q

• Processing & disposal of garbage & sewage waste;
purification and processing of water.

A

SANITARY

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26
Q

• Production of beer, wine, alcohol, vitamins, antibiotics, etc.

A

INDUSTRIAL

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27
Q

• Genetic manipulation

A

MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY & GENETICS

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28
Q

• Cycling & recycling of elements by microbial, environmental & geochemical processes

A

ENVIRONMENTAL

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29
Q

Scope of microbiology

A

Medical
Microbial physiology & genetics
Agricultural
Sanitary
Environmental
Veterinary
Industrial

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30
Q

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS OF MICROBIOLOGY
(THE BEGINNING)
_______were the first living ancestors of the Earth.
For most of human history, people knew little about the true causes, transmission and effective treatment of disease.

A

Bacterial ancestors

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31
Q

1665, England, a British scientist
One of the earliest scientists to study living things under a microscope

A

ROBERT HOOKE

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32
Q

• Observed a thin slice of cork through a crude microscope

He was surprised to see what looked like a honeycomb.

A

ROBERT HOOKE

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33
Q

• The first time the word “cell” was used to refer to tiny units of light

A

ROBERT HOOKE

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34
Q

• 1673-1723, Delft, Holland, a Dutch merchant and Scientist

He wrote about the animalcules he saw through his simple single-lens microscopes

A

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK

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35
Q

He made detail drawings of organisms he found in the rainwater, feces, and materials scraped from teeth

These drawings have been since identified as representations of bacteria and protozoa

A

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK

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36
Q

• First to observe live microorganisms (animalcules) through the magnifying lenses of more than 400 microscopes he constructed.

A

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK

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37
Q

Single lens microscope

A

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK

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38
Q

Plant & animal life

Attempts for categorization of microbes

A

THE TRANSITION
1700s FOCUS

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39
Q

• Father of Taxonomy

A

CAROLUS LINNAEUS

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40
Q

System of classifying and naming organisms

A

Taxonomy

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41
Q

He developed a hierarchical system of classification of nature.

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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42
Q

8 taxa

dkpcofgs

A

• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

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43
Q

• He devised the formal two-part naming system we use to classify all lifeforms.

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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44
Q

Genus
Species

Printed in italics or underlined in script

A

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

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45
Q

-> A system of nomenclature in which each species of animal or plant receives a name of two terms of which the first identifies the genus to which it belongs, the second is the species itself.

A

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

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46
Q
  • The____ is the generic name, whereas the____ is the specific name
A

genus

species

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47
Q

• Ancient belief about the origin of life

that living organisms arise from nonliving matter

a “vital force” forms life

A

THEORY OF ABIOGENESIS

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48
Q

THEORY OF ABIOGENESIS also known as

A

The Theory of Spontaneous
Generation of Life

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49
Q

• Scientists have been UNABLE to accomplish this theory with experiments.

A

Theory of Abiogenesis

50
Q

• The Alternative Hypothesis: that living organisms arise from pre-existing life.

A

THEORY OF BIOGENESIS

51
Q

THEORY OF BIOGENESIS

Currently accepted theory regarding the origin of a new life

(3) experimentally proved this theory.

A

Louis Pasteur
Francesco Redi
Lazaro Spallanzani

52
Q

THEORY OF BIOGENESIS

______was the proponent of this theory.

A

RUDOLF VIRCHOW

53
Q

: All living things are composed of cells

All organisms are made up of one or more____

All the life functions of an organism occur____

All cells come from____

A

Cell theory

cells

within cells

preexisting cells

54
Q

2 German scientists suggested that cells were the basic unit of structure and function of all living things

A

Theodor Schwann (zoologist)
Matthias Jacob Schleiden (botanist)

55
Q

In 1858._______ observed that cells divide to produce more cells - he proposed that all cells arise only from other cells.

A

Rudolf Virchow

56
Q

The collective observations of all 3 scientists form the Cell Theory

A

Theodor Schwann
Matthias Jacob Schleiden
Rudolf Birchow

57
Q

______challenged the case for spontaneous generation with the concept of_____, hypothesizing that living cells arise only from preexisting living cells

Since he could offer no scientific proof, arguments about spontaneous generation continued until 1861.

A

Rudolf Virchow; biogenesis

58
Q

French Scientist ______questioned…
• Is there a “life force” in air that can cause microbes to develop by spontaneous generation?
• Is there a means of allowing air to enter a container but not the bacteria that are present in it?

A

Sir Louis Pasteur

59
Q

-______ prepared a nutrient broth similar to the broth one would use in a soup

• He placed equal amounts of broth into two long neck flasks–he left one flash with a straight neck, the other he bent to form an S shape
• He boiled the broth in each flask to kill any living matter in the liquid.
• The sterile broths were then left to sit at room temperature and exposed to the air in their open mouth flask
• After several weeks, he observed that the broth in the straight neck flask was discolored and cloudy, while the broth in the curved neck flask had not changed.

A

Louis Pasteur

60
Q

The conclusion was germs come from other germs and do not spontaneously generate.
If spontaneous generation had been a real phenomenon, he argued, broth in the curved neck flask would have actually been infected because the germs would have spontaneously generated.

A

Louis Pasteur

61
Q

THE GOLDEN AGE

A

1857-1914

62
Q

Rapid advances spearheaded by____ and ____ led to the establishment of microbiology.

Discoveries included both the agents of many diseases and the role of immunity in preventing and curing disease.

A

Pasteur and Robert Koch

GOLDEN AGE

63
Q

PASTEUR’S WORK
One of the key steps that established the relationship between microorganisms and disease occured when a group of French merchants asked Pasteur to find out why wine and beer soured.
• They hoped to develop a method that would prevent spollage when those beverages were shipped long distances.
• At the time, many scientists believed that air converted the sugars in these fluids into alcohols.
•_____ are responsible for … “FERMENTATION.” … and spoilage of food.

_______is produced when bacteria ferments ethanol in wine.

A

Microbes

Vinegar (HAc)

64
Q

• Spoilage bacteria could be killed through

A

“PASTEURIZATION”

65
Q

________is the process of heating and object (whatever it is)
• For example, milk is heated and harmful things are killed and then made safe.

A

PASTEURIZATION

66
Q

is the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence in the giving off of heat.

A

FERMENTATION

67
Q

based on the concept that many diseases are caused by infections where microorganisms typically only visualized under high magnification

Such microorganisms can consist of bacterial, viral, fungal, or protist species

A

Germ theory

68
Q

The notion that diseases could be spread by seed-like entities was first described in the 1500s by_____ and were categorized based on how they could be transmitted

A

Girolamo Frocastoro

69
Q

• Later,______ in the early 1800s, conducted a series of experiments which demonstrated that the diseases afflicting silkworms at the time was caused by a FUNGUS.

A

Agostino Bassi

70
Q

theorized the disease in humans and animals was also caused by microorganisms.

A

Agostino Bassi

71
Q

_____work served to influence Louis
Pasteur who is accredited with the Germ Theory of Disease following his experiments demonstrating the relationship between microorganisms and disease.

A

Bassi’s

72
Q

• In 1865,_____ demonstrated that life did not arise spontaneously from non-living matter, and he discovered that another silkworm disease caused by a protozoan

A

Louis Pasteur

73
Q

• In 1840s,_____ advocated handwashing to prevent spread of puerperal fever

A

Ignaz Semmelweis

74
Q

• 1860s:______ performed surgery under aspetic conditions using phenol

He proved that microbes cause surgical wound infections

A

Joseph Lister

75
Q

• 1876,_____ established experimental steps for directly linking a specific microbe to a specific disease.

A

Robert Koch

76
Q

MICROBIAL ETIOLOGY OF IMPORTANT DISEASES
ESTABLISHED KOCH:

A

• Vibrio cholerae = Cholera
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis = TB
• Bacillus anthracis = Anthrax

77
Q

A sequence of experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a specific disease

During the past 100 years, this same criteria have been invaluable in [investigations] proving that specific microorganisms cause many diseases

A

KOCH’S POSTULATE

78
Q

Developed in the 19th century,_____ are the four criteria designed to assess whether a microorganism causes a disease

A

Robert Koch’s postulates

79
Q

Robert Koch’s postulates

FOUR CRITERIA

A
  1. The microorganism must be found in the deceased, but not in healthy individuals
  2. The microorganism must be cultured from the deceased individual
  3. Inoculation of a healthy individual with a cultured microorganism must recapitulate the disease
  4. The microorganism must be isolated from the inoculated
    Deceased individual and match to the original microorganism
80
Q

EXCEPTIONS TO KOCH’S POSTULATES

A
  1. Many healthy people carry pathogens but do not exhibit symptoms of the disease.
  2. Some microbes are very difficult or impossible to grow on artificial media.
  3. To induce a disease from a pure culture, the experimental animal must be susceptible to the pathogen.
  4. Certain diseases develop only when an opportunistic pathogen invades a weakened host.
81
Q

VACCINATION
In 1796:______ inoculated a person with cowpox virus resulting to protection from smallpox.

A

Edward Jenner

82
Q

Edward Jenner is considered the_____ in the west, in the year 1796

• He inoculated a 13-year-old boy with a vaccinia virus/cowpox virus and demonstrated immunity in smallpox

A

Father of Vaccinology

83
Q

In_____, the first smallpox vaccine was developed.
Over the 18th and 19th centuries, systematic implementation of mass smallpox immunizations culminated in its global eradication in 1979.

A

1798

84
Q

is a drug treatment that uses powerful chemicals to kill fast-growing cells in the body

A

CHEMOTHERAPY

85
Q

• It is most often used to treat cancer, since cancer cells grow and multiply more quickly than most cells in the body

A

CHEMOTHERAPY

86
Q

• Many different chemotherapy drugs are available
• Chemotherapeutic agents can be (2)
•____ (tree bark) = for malaria

A

synthetic drugs or natural (antibiotics)

Quinine

87
Q

1910:_____ developed an arsenic compound commonly known as_____

As a medical student, he speculated about a magic bullet that could hunt down and destroy pathogen without harming the infected host.

A

Paul Ehrlich

Salvarsan or 606

88
Q

1928:______ discovered penicillin, the first antibiotic, Penicillin: from Penicillum notatum later renamed as____

He almost tossed out some culture plates that had been contaminated by mold. He noticed a pattern of growth of the mold

A

Alexander Fleming; Penicillum chrysogenum

89
Q

1930s:_____ were synthesized.
1940s:_____ was tested clinically & mass produced.

A

Sulfonamides

Penicillin

90
Q

MODERN DEVELOPMENTS
Microorganisms can now be genetically modified to manufacture large amounts of human hormones and other urgently needed medical substances.

In the 1960s,______ showed that fragments of Human/Animal DNA / genes that called for important proteins can be attached to bacterial DNA.

A

Paul Berg

91
Q

-> technology inserts recombinant DNA into bacteria or other microbes to make large quantities of the desired protein

A

Recombinant DNA/ rDNA

92
Q

Recombinant DNA/ rDNA

• This field combines elements from two other areas of study, including
1. ________which studies mechanism by which microorganisms inherit traits
2.________ which looks at how genetic information is carried in molecules of DNA and how DNA directs the synthesis of proteins.

A

Microbial genetics

Molecular biology

93
Q
  • bacteria once classified as plants
A

Flora, microflora

94
Q
  • new name

They prevent growth of pathogens.
They produce growth factors (folic acid), vit. K and some B vitamins

A

• Normal Microbiota

95
Q
  • ability to ward off diseases factors:

skin, stomach acid, antimicrobial chemicals.

A

Resistance

96
Q
  • when a pathogen overcomes the host’s resistance, disease results
A

• Infectious Disease

97
Q

These are diseases that are new or changing and are increasing or have the potential to increase in incidence in the near future.

A

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES

98
Q
  • first appeared in China in 2002

• Viral infection caused by…

A

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

SARS associated Coronavirus (SARS CoV)

99
Q

A.k.a “_____”
Caused by influenza H1N1

First detected in the United States in 2009 and the same year, the WHO the H1N1 flu to be a pandemic disease

A

H1N1 influenza (flu)

Swine flu

100
Q

• 2003, killed millions of poultry and 24 people in Southeast Asia These occur in birds worldwide

In 2013, H7N9 sickened 131 people in
China.

A

Avian influenza A (H5N1), or bird flu

101
Q

“Micrographia”
Compound microscope and its uses

A

Robert Hooke

102
Q

Thin slice of cork showed “little boxes” or cells; history of cell biology; “all living things are composed of cells.”

A

Robert Hooke

103
Q

“Micrographia”

A

Robert Hooke

104
Q

Thin slice of cork showed “little boxes” or cells; history of cell biology; “all living things are composed of cells.”

A

Robert Hooke

105
Q

Single lens microscope

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

106
Q

(Swedish botanist)

Binomial nomenclature (“Systema Naturae”, 1735) : the genus (plural: genera) & specific epithet.

A

Carolus Linnaeus

107
Q

(an Italian physician; 1668)

1st real experiment to dispute abiogenesis

A

Francesco Redi

108
Q

Francesco Redi

A

Sealed jars, covered jars, covered withy net

Maggots

109
Q

Evidence: Pro abiogenesis

◼ put boiled nutrient broth into covered flasks.

A

John Needham (1745-1748)

110
Q

CONDITIONS
Nutrient broth heated, cooled then placed in sealed flask

RESULTS
Microbial growth

A

John Needham

111
Q

Evidence: Pro biogenesis

Covered flask and heated

No microbial growth

A

Lazzaro Spallanzani (1765)

112
Q

Nutrient broth placed in long necked-flasks, then heated

No microbial growth

There is no such life force in air, and organisms do not

arise by

spontaneous

generation

.

A

Louis Pasteur

113
Q

Golden age of microbiology

A

Pasteur’s work
Germ theory of disease
Vaccination
Antimicrobial drugs

114
Q

Pasteur’s work

Microbes are responsible for

A

FERMENTATION and spoilage of food

115
Q

Diseases were thought to be caused by: ❑ demons, evil spirits, the wrath of God …..

Hard for people to believe that diseases were caused by microbes

A

The Germ Theory of Disease

116
Q

proposed the use of immunology to ID bacteria according to serotypes (variants within a species).

A

Rebecca Lancefield (1933)

117
Q

introduced Recombinant DNA

A

Paul Berg (1960s)

118
Q

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT:

Microbes and Human Welfare

Modern Biotechnology

A

Genetic engineering
Gene therapy
GMOs

119
Q

Degradation of organic matter in sewage & detoxify pollutants.

Nitrosomonas europaea
Nitrobacter hamburgensis

A

Bioremediation

120
Q

Biological Insecticides

A

Bacillus thuringiensis

Bacte LEC (29 decks)

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