Introduction Flashcards
Microbiology came from these three words
• Micros - small
• Bios - life
• Logos - study
is an organism that is microscopic.
A microorganism or a microbe
is the study of all living organisms that are too small to be visible with the naked eye.
MICROBIOLOGY
MICROBIOLOGY is the study of the ff. MICROBES
• Bacteria
• Archaea
• Viruses
• Fungi
• Prions
• Protozoa
• Algae
make key roles in nutrient cycling, biodegredation/biodeterioration, climate change, food spoilage, the cause and control of disease, and biotechnology.
microbes
Microbes can be put to work in many ways. Such as the ff
• Making life-saving drugs
• Manufacturing of biofuels
• Cleaning up pollution
• Producing/processing food and drink
refers to the first step that occurs when bacteria, viruses, or other microbes that cause disease enter the body and begin to multiply.
Infection
occurs when the cells in the body are damaged as a result of the infection in signs and symptoms of an illness appear.
Disease
In response to infection, the _____springs into action - an army of WBCs, antibodies, and other mechanisms goes to work to rid the body of what is causing the infection.
immune system
- Almost swept the whole of human race
PATHOGENS
EPIDEMICS and its causes
Plague - Yersinia pestis
Cholera - Vibrio cholerae
Smallpox - Variola virus
BACTERIA
Singular: bacterium
- Relatively simple, single-celled (unicellular) organisms
- Their genetic material is not enclosed in a special nuclear membrane
- Bacterial cells are prokaryotes
Viruses are so small that most can be seen only with an electron microscope, and they are_____
acellular (not cellular)
Structurally very simple, a virus particle contains a core made of…
only one type of nucleic acid, either
DNA or RNA (but not both)
Virus
The core is surrounded by a protein coat, which is sometimes encased by a lipid membrane called______.
ENVELOPE
BENEFICIAL ASPECTS of MICROBIOLOGY
• Industrial (food & beverages)
• Decomposers
• Normal microbiota
• Producers of oxygen (algae & cyanobacteria)
• Food chain
• Microbial Ecology
• Genetic engineering; Pharmaceuticals (antibiotics)
Provides a first line of defense against microbial pathogens
it assists in digestion, plays a role in toxin degradation and contribute to maturation of the immune system
• Normal microbiota
• Make vital nutrients available to an ecosystem’s primary producers
Usually plants and algae
Decomposers
Generally exploit their natural metabolic capabilities
Manufacturing of food and production of antibiotics, probiotics, drugs, vaccines, starter cultures, insecticides, enzymes, fuels, solvents
Industrial (food & beverages)
Cause diseases when the host’s defenses are compromised/ when they grow in part of the body that is not natural to them.
OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGENS
MICROBIOLOGY
GENERAL
• Purpose:
Study & classification of microbes.
• Pathogens, diseases they cause & the body’s defenses against diseases.
MEDICAL
• Spread & control of diseases in animals.
VETERINARY
The role is in microbes in plants & livestock.
AGRICULTURAL
• Processing & disposal of garbage & sewage waste;
purification and processing of water.
SANITARY
• Production of beer, wine, alcohol, vitamins, antibiotics, etc.
INDUSTRIAL
• Genetic manipulation
MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY & GENETICS
• Cycling & recycling of elements by microbial, environmental & geochemical processes
ENVIRONMENTAL
Scope of microbiology
Medical
Microbial physiology & genetics
Agricultural
Sanitary
Environmental
Veterinary
Industrial
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS OF MICROBIOLOGY
(THE BEGINNING)
_______were the first living ancestors of the Earth.
For most of human history, people knew little about the true causes, transmission and effective treatment of disease.
Bacterial ancestors
1665, England, a British scientist
One of the earliest scientists to study living things under a microscope
ROBERT HOOKE
• Observed a thin slice of cork through a crude microscope
He was surprised to see what looked like a honeycomb.
ROBERT HOOKE
• The first time the word “cell” was used to refer to tiny units of light
ROBERT HOOKE
• 1673-1723, Delft, Holland, a Dutch merchant and Scientist
He wrote about the animalcules he saw through his simple single-lens microscopes
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
He made detail drawings of organisms he found in the rainwater, feces, and materials scraped from teeth
These drawings have been since identified as representations of bacteria and protozoa
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
• First to observe live microorganisms (animalcules) through the magnifying lenses of more than 400 microscopes he constructed.
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
Single lens microscope
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
Plant & animal life
Attempts for categorization of microbes
THE TRANSITION
1700s FOCUS
• Father of Taxonomy
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
System of classifying and naming organisms
Taxonomy
He developed a hierarchical system of classification of nature.
Carolus Linnaeus
8 taxa
dkpcofgs
• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
• He devised the formal two-part naming system we use to classify all lifeforms.
Carolus Linnaeus
Genus
Species
Printed in italics or underlined in script
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
-> A system of nomenclature in which each species of animal or plant receives a name of two terms of which the first identifies the genus to which it belongs, the second is the species itself.
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
- The____ is the generic name, whereas the____ is the specific name
genus
species
• Ancient belief about the origin of life
that living organisms arise from nonliving matter
a “vital force” forms life
THEORY OF ABIOGENESIS
THEORY OF ABIOGENESIS also known as
The Theory of Spontaneous
Generation of Life
• Scientists have been UNABLE to accomplish this theory with experiments.
Theory of Abiogenesis
• The Alternative Hypothesis: that living organisms arise from pre-existing life.
THEORY OF BIOGENESIS
THEORY OF BIOGENESIS
Currently accepted theory regarding the origin of a new life
(3) experimentally proved this theory.
Louis Pasteur
Francesco Redi
Lazaro Spallanzani
THEORY OF BIOGENESIS
______was the proponent of this theory.
RUDOLF VIRCHOW
: All living things are composed of cells
All organisms are made up of one or more____
All the life functions of an organism occur____
All cells come from____
Cell theory
cells
within cells
preexisting cells
2 German scientists suggested that cells were the basic unit of structure and function of all living things
Theodor Schwann (zoologist)
Matthias Jacob Schleiden (botanist)
In 1858._______ observed that cells divide to produce more cells - he proposed that all cells arise only from other cells.
Rudolf Virchow
The collective observations of all 3 scientists form the Cell Theory
Theodor Schwann
Matthias Jacob Schleiden
Rudolf Birchow
______challenged the case for spontaneous generation with the concept of_____, hypothesizing that living cells arise only from preexisting living cells
Since he could offer no scientific proof, arguments about spontaneous generation continued until 1861.
Rudolf Virchow; biogenesis
French Scientist ______questioned…
• Is there a “life force” in air that can cause microbes to develop by spontaneous generation?
• Is there a means of allowing air to enter a container but not the bacteria that are present in it?
Sir Louis Pasteur
-______ prepared a nutrient broth similar to the broth one would use in a soup
• He placed equal amounts of broth into two long neck flasks–he left one flash with a straight neck, the other he bent to form an S shape
• He boiled the broth in each flask to kill any living matter in the liquid.
• The sterile broths were then left to sit at room temperature and exposed to the air in their open mouth flask
• After several weeks, he observed that the broth in the straight neck flask was discolored and cloudy, while the broth in the curved neck flask had not changed.
Louis Pasteur
The conclusion was germs come from other germs and do not spontaneously generate.
If spontaneous generation had been a real phenomenon, he argued, broth in the curved neck flask would have actually been infected because the germs would have spontaneously generated.
Louis Pasteur
THE GOLDEN AGE
1857-1914
Rapid advances spearheaded by____ and ____ led to the establishment of microbiology.
Discoveries included both the agents of many diseases and the role of immunity in preventing and curing disease.
Pasteur and Robert Koch
GOLDEN AGE
PASTEUR’S WORK
One of the key steps that established the relationship between microorganisms and disease occured when a group of French merchants asked Pasteur to find out why wine and beer soured.
• They hoped to develop a method that would prevent spollage when those beverages were shipped long distances.
• At the time, many scientists believed that air converted the sugars in these fluids into alcohols.
•_____ are responsible for … “FERMENTATION.” … and spoilage of food.
_______is produced when bacteria ferments ethanol in wine.
Microbes
Vinegar (HAc)
• Spoilage bacteria could be killed through
“PASTEURIZATION”
________is the process of heating and object (whatever it is)
• For example, milk is heated and harmful things are killed and then made safe.
PASTEURIZATION
is the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence in the giving off of heat.
FERMENTATION
based on the concept that many diseases are caused by infections where microorganisms typically only visualized under high magnification
Such microorganisms can consist of bacterial, viral, fungal, or protist species
Germ theory
The notion that diseases could be spread by seed-like entities was first described in the 1500s by_____ and were categorized based on how they could be transmitted
Girolamo Frocastoro
• Later,______ in the early 1800s, conducted a series of experiments which demonstrated that the diseases afflicting silkworms at the time was caused by a FUNGUS.
Agostino Bassi
theorized the disease in humans and animals was also caused by microorganisms.
Agostino Bassi
_____work served to influence Louis
Pasteur who is accredited with the Germ Theory of Disease following his experiments demonstrating the relationship between microorganisms and disease.
Bassi’s
• In 1865,_____ demonstrated that life did not arise spontaneously from non-living matter, and he discovered that another silkworm disease caused by a protozoan
Louis Pasteur
• In 1840s,_____ advocated handwashing to prevent spread of puerperal fever
Ignaz Semmelweis
• 1860s:______ performed surgery under aspetic conditions using phenol
He proved that microbes cause surgical wound infections
Joseph Lister
• 1876,_____ established experimental steps for directly linking a specific microbe to a specific disease.
Robert Koch
MICROBIAL ETIOLOGY OF IMPORTANT DISEASES
ESTABLISHED KOCH:
• Vibrio cholerae = Cholera
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis = TB
• Bacillus anthracis = Anthrax
A sequence of experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a specific disease
During the past 100 years, this same criteria have been invaluable in [investigations] proving that specific microorganisms cause many diseases
KOCH’S POSTULATE
Developed in the 19th century,_____ are the four criteria designed to assess whether a microorganism causes a disease
Robert Koch’s postulates
Robert Koch’s postulates
FOUR CRITERIA
- The microorganism must be found in the deceased, but not in healthy individuals
- The microorganism must be cultured from the deceased individual
- Inoculation of a healthy individual with a cultured microorganism must recapitulate the disease
- The microorganism must be isolated from the inoculated
Deceased individual and match to the original microorganism
EXCEPTIONS TO KOCH’S POSTULATES
- Many healthy people carry pathogens but do not exhibit symptoms of the disease.
- Some microbes are very difficult or impossible to grow on artificial media.
- To induce a disease from a pure culture, the experimental animal must be susceptible to the pathogen.
- Certain diseases develop only when an opportunistic pathogen invades a weakened host.
VACCINATION
In 1796:______ inoculated a person with cowpox virus resulting to protection from smallpox.
Edward Jenner
Edward Jenner is considered the_____ in the west, in the year 1796
• He inoculated a 13-year-old boy with a vaccinia virus/cowpox virus and demonstrated immunity in smallpox
Father of Vaccinology
In_____, the first smallpox vaccine was developed.
Over the 18th and 19th centuries, systematic implementation of mass smallpox immunizations culminated in its global eradication in 1979.
1798
is a drug treatment that uses powerful chemicals to kill fast-growing cells in the body
CHEMOTHERAPY
• It is most often used to treat cancer, since cancer cells grow and multiply more quickly than most cells in the body
CHEMOTHERAPY
• Many different chemotherapy drugs are available
• Chemotherapeutic agents can be (2)
•____ (tree bark) = for malaria
synthetic drugs or natural (antibiotics)
Quinine
1910:_____ developed an arsenic compound commonly known as_____
As a medical student, he speculated about a magic bullet that could hunt down and destroy pathogen without harming the infected host.
Paul Ehrlich
Salvarsan or 606
1928:______ discovered penicillin, the first antibiotic, Penicillin: from Penicillum notatum later renamed as____
He almost tossed out some culture plates that had been contaminated by mold. He noticed a pattern of growth of the mold
Alexander Fleming; Penicillum chrysogenum
1930s:_____ were synthesized.
1940s:_____ was tested clinically & mass produced.
Sulfonamides
Penicillin
MODERN DEVELOPMENTS
Microorganisms can now be genetically modified to manufacture large amounts of human hormones and other urgently needed medical substances.
In the 1960s,______ showed that fragments of Human/Animal DNA / genes that called for important proteins can be attached to bacterial DNA.
Paul Berg
-> technology inserts recombinant DNA into bacteria or other microbes to make large quantities of the desired protein
Recombinant DNA/ rDNA
Recombinant DNA/ rDNA
• This field combines elements from two other areas of study, including
1. ________which studies mechanism by which microorganisms inherit traits
2.________ which looks at how genetic information is carried in molecules of DNA and how DNA directs the synthesis of proteins.
Microbial genetics
Molecular biology
- bacteria once classified as plants
Flora, microflora
- new name
They prevent growth of pathogens.
They produce growth factors (folic acid), vit. K and some B vitamins
• Normal Microbiota
- ability to ward off diseases factors:
skin, stomach acid, antimicrobial chemicals.
Resistance
- when a pathogen overcomes the host’s resistance, disease results
• Infectious Disease
These are diseases that are new or changing and are increasing or have the potential to increase in incidence in the near future.
EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
- first appeared in China in 2002
• Viral infection caused by…
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
SARS associated Coronavirus (SARS CoV)
A.k.a “_____”
Caused by influenza H1N1
First detected in the United States in 2009 and the same year, the WHO the H1N1 flu to be a pandemic disease
H1N1 influenza (flu)
Swine flu
• 2003, killed millions of poultry and 24 people in Southeast Asia These occur in birds worldwide
In 2013, H7N9 sickened 131 people in
China.
Avian influenza A (H5N1), or bird flu
“Micrographia”
Compound microscope and its uses
Robert Hooke
Thin slice of cork showed “little boxes” or cells; history of cell biology; “all living things are composed of cells.”
Robert Hooke
“Micrographia”
Robert Hooke
Thin slice of cork showed “little boxes” or cells; history of cell biology; “all living things are composed of cells.”
Robert Hooke
Single lens microscope
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
(Swedish botanist)
Binomial nomenclature (“Systema Naturae”, 1735) : the genus (plural: genera) & specific epithet.
Carolus Linnaeus
(an Italian physician; 1668)
1st real experiment to dispute abiogenesis
Francesco Redi
Francesco Redi
Sealed jars, covered jars, covered withy net
Maggots
Evidence: Pro abiogenesis
◼ put boiled nutrient broth into covered flasks.
John Needham (1745-1748)
CONDITIONS
Nutrient broth heated, cooled then placed in sealed flask
RESULTS
Microbial growth
John Needham
Evidence: Pro biogenesis
Covered flask and heated
No microbial growth
Lazzaro Spallanzani (1765)
Nutrient broth placed in long necked-flasks, then heated
No microbial growth
There is no such life force in air, and organisms do not
arise by
spontaneous
generation
.
Louis Pasteur
Golden age of microbiology
Pasteur’s work
Germ theory of disease
Vaccination
Antimicrobial drugs
Pasteur’s work
Microbes are responsible for
FERMENTATION and spoilage of food
Diseases were thought to be caused by: ❑ demons, evil spirits, the wrath of God …..
Hard for people to believe that diseases were caused by microbes
The Germ Theory of Disease
proposed the use of immunology to ID bacteria according to serotypes (variants within a species).
Rebecca Lancefield (1933)
introduced Recombinant DNA
Paul Berg (1960s)
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT:
Microbes and Human Welfare
Modern Biotechnology
Genetic engineering
Gene therapy
GMOs
Degradation of organic matter in sewage & detoxify pollutants.
Nitrosomonas europaea
Nitrobacter hamburgensis
Bioremediation
Biological Insecticides
Bacillus thuringiensis
