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BACTERIAL NOMENCLATURE & GROWTH Flashcards

1
Q

CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS

A

Numerical taxonomy
Phylogenetic classification
Phenotypic classification

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2
Q

• Compuer taxonomy
Basis: frequency of trait-sharing (phenetics)

A

Numerical Taxonomy

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3
Q

Basis: Genetic similarity and evolutionary relatedness

A

• Phylogenetic Classification

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4
Q

Basis: overall similarities (microscopic and colony morphology)

A

• Phenotypic Classification

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5
Q

group of “level” of classification

A

Taxon

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6
Q

Hierarchical system within domains:

King philip came over for good spaghetti

A

Kingdom
Phylum/Division
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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7
Q

“basic unit” of taxonomy

A

SPECIES

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8
Q

represents a specific, recognized type of organism

Identified by comparison with known “type strains” (pure cultures)

A

Species

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9
Q

(ATCC)

A

American Type Culture Collection

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10
Q

• A population of microbes descended from a single individual or pure culture
• Different ___ represent genetic variability within a species

A

STRAIN

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11
Q

: Ureaplasma urealyticum

based on biochemical and physiological qualities

A

Biovars

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12
Q

: Corynebacerium diphtheria
Mitis, intermedius, and gravis
Morphology

A

Morphovars

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13
Q

: Salmonella enterica (typhi)

Serology/antigenic properties

A

Serovars

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14
Q

(Systematic name)

A

Scientific name

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15
Q

• Are italicized or underlined
• Are “latinized” and used worldwide
• May be descriptiv or honors a scientist

A

Scientific name (Systematic name)

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16
Q

In scientific name

• _____name is never abbreviated
• A_____ name may be used alone to indicate a group
• A____ name is never used alone.

A

Species

genus

species

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17
Q

a manual that aids in identification of unknownns

A

Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology

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18
Q

Main resource for determining the identity of bacteria species, utilizing every characterizing aspect

Uses successive “key” features to narrow down identification

A

Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology

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19
Q

PHYSICAL AND NUTRITIONAL GROWTH
REQUIREMENTS OF BACTERIA
Major Elements:

A

• Carbon
• Oxygen
• Nitrogen
• Hydrogen
• Phosphorus
• Sulfur
• Potassium
• Magnesium
• Calcium
• Iron

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20
Q

PHYSICAL AND NUTRITIONAL GROWTH
REQUIREMENTS OF BACTERIA

Trace Elements:
MangaZin CuCoMo

A

• Manganese
• Zinc

• Copper
• Cobalt
• Molybdenum

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21
Q

act as co-factors for enzymatic reactions

only small amounts

need not be added to culture media

A

Elements

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22
Q

TYPES OF ORGANISMS BASED ON PHYSIOLOGIC REQUIREMENTS

A

Phototroph
Chemotroph
Autotroph
Heterotroph

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23
Q

Energy source: Light

A

Phototroph

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24
Q

Energy source: Chemical

A

Chemotroph

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25
Q

Energy source:

Inorganic
Organic

A

Chemolithotrophs
Chemoorganotrophs

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26
Q

Carbon source: CO2

A

Capnophiles (Autotroph)

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27
Q

Carbon source: Organic compounds

A

Heterotroph

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28
Q

essential substances that the organism
is unable to synthesize from available nutrients

required in small amounts by cells

A

GROWTH FACTORS

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29
Q

Categories of Growth Factors

A

Purines, pyrimidines -> nucleic acid
Amino acids -> proteins
Vitamins -› coenzymes. enzymes

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30
Q

Fastidious

A

Organisms tend to require a variety of growth factors

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31
Q

Only aerobic growth:
oxygen required.

Growth occurs only where high concentrations of oxygen have diffused into the medium

A

Obligate Aerobes

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32
Q

Both aerobic and anaerobic growth; greater growth in presence of oxygen

Growth is best where most oxygen
is present, but occurs throughout tube

A

Facultative anaerobes

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33
Q

Only anaerobic growth; ceases in the presence of oxygen

Growth occurs only where there is no oxygen

A

Obligate Anaerobes

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34
Q

Only anaerobic growth; but
continues in presence of oxygen

Growth occurs evenly: oxygen has no eefect

A

Aerotolerant Anaerobes

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35
Q

Only aerobic growth; oxygen required in LOW concentration

Growth occurs only where a low concentration of oxygen has diffused into medium

A

Microaerophiles

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36
Q

Requires elevated conc. of carbon dioxide
Easily cultivated in a candle jar

A

CAPNOPHILES

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37
Q

3 common enzymes produced by microbes

A

Superoxide dismutase
Catalase
Peroxidase

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38
Q

Obligate aerobes, most facultative
anaerobes
(e.g. Enterics)

A

Superoxide dismutase
Catalase

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39
Q

Most aerotolerant anaerobes (e.g.
Streptococci)

A

Superoxide dismutase
Peroxidase

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40
Q

Require O2- final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration

A

Obligate Aerobes

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41
Q

Can interchange between aerobic and anaerobic type of metabolism

If O2 present = switches to aerobic
respiration

A

Facultative Anaerobes

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42
Q

Does not require oxygen - it is toxic for them

Lives by anaerobic respiration, fermentation, bacterial photosynthesis or methanogenesis

A

Obligate Anaerobes

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43
Q

Interchanges between anaerobic to aerobic type of metabolism

If under anaerobic conditions, grows by fermentation or anaerobic respiration

A

Facultative Aerobes

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44
Q

Only anaerobic / fermentative type of metabolism

Unaffected by the presence of oxygen

Lives in fermentation regardless of the presence of 02

A

Aerotolerant anaerobes

45
Q

Requires O,for respiration, but only at least 20% conc. of 02

A

MICROAEROPHILES

46
Q

Cold-loving
0 - 20°C

A

PSYCHROPHILES

47
Q

meaning “middle”
20 - 45°C
most pathogenic organisms

A

MESOPHILES

48
Q

o above 45°C

A

THERMOPHILES

49
Q

• Extremely high 80-115°C

Can survive autoclave

A

Hyperthermophiles

50
Q

Like high humidity

A

Humidophiles

51
Q

Survive little of no O2 for some period of time

A

Xerophiles

52
Q

: onlv common solute that occurs over a wide concentration range

53
Q

Can survive in presence of salt

A

Halophiles

54
Q

Halophiles
• = 1-6% salt
• = 6-15% salt
• = 15-30% salt

A

Mild halophiles

Moderate halophiles

Extreme halophiles

55
Q

are able to survive at high salt concentrations but do not require these conditions for growth.

A

Halotolerant

56
Q

MOVEMENT ACROSS MEMBRANES

A

Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis

57
Q

Movement of a solute from high concentration to low concentration.

A

Simple Diffusion

58
Q

Solute combines with transporter protein in membrane

needs ATP

A

Facilitated Diffusion

59
Q

Movement of H2O from an area of High H2O conc. to an area of Low H2O conc.

60
Q

Pressure required to stop H2O movement across the membrane

Reached equilibrium

A

Osmotic pressure

61
Q

no net movement of water

Solution present in the body under normal circumstances

A

Isotonic (isosmotic) solution-

62
Q

–water moves into the cell and may cause the cell to burst if the wall is weak or damaged (osmotic lysis)

Plasmoptysis

A

Hypotonic (hypoosmotic)
solution

63
Q

water moves out of the cell, causing its cytoplasm to shrink (plasmolysis)

A

Hypertonic (hyperosmotic) solution-

64
Q

pH Requirement
• The acidity or alkalinity of a solution

• Most bacteria =
• Molds & yeasts =

A

pH 6.5 - 7.5 (7.2-7.6)

pH 5-6

65
Q

pH requirement

• ACIDOPHILE
• NEUTROPHILE
• ALKALIPHILE

A

(pH 2-5)

(pH 7)

(pH 8-9)

66
Q
  • an orderly increase in the quantity of cell constituents.
67
Q

Adjustment period

68
Q

After the inoculation of cells into a fresh medium, the population remains temporarily unchanged, though there is no cell division happening, cells may be growing in volume or mass synthesizing the required enzymes, proteins - increasing metabolic activity

69
Q

Cellular reproduction stage, exponential phase

Pattern of balanced growth where all the cells are dividing regularly by binary fission

A

Logarithmic phase
Exponential growth phase

70
Q

Geometric progression

Cells divide at a constant rate, depending upon the composition of closed medium and conditions of incubation

71
Q

High population density

As microbes divide, they die

A

Staionary/Plateau phase

72
Q

Stationary phase

Limited population growth due to one of the three factors

A

Exhaustion of available nutrients

Accumulation of inhibitory metabolites or end products that may be toxic

Lack of biological space

73
Q

Dying microbes -> new cells

Decline continues until there is complete cessation of reproduction

A

Death phase

74
Q

Doubling time
• The time it takes for an organism to double its number
• Time required for a cell to divide

A

GENERATION TIME

75
Q

What causes Exponential growth to stop?

A

Exhaustion of nutrients
Waste product accumulation
Toxin production
Harmful pH change

76
Q

Vitek uses what classification system?

A

Numerical taxonomy

77
Q

Classification of felines

A

Phylogenetic classification

78
Q

Vitek is used for…

A

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing

79
Q

3 domains of living organisms

A

Bacteria
Archea
Eucaryota

80
Q

Type strains also known an

A

Pure culture

81
Q

employs both traditional biochemical testing methods and automated phenotypic and genotypic analyses.

This provides highly accurate identification across a wide array of microorganisms and can help avoid the pitfalls of misidentification, painful recalls, and regulatory repercussions.

82
Q

Types of Strains

A

Biovars
Morphobars
Serovars

83
Q

Morphovars of Corynebacterium diphtheriae

A

Mitis
Intermedius
Gravis

84
Q

Scientific name rules

A

• Are italicized or underlined
• Are “Latinized” and used worldwide
• May be descriptive or honors a scientist

85
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

Clustered
Spherical
Gold

A

Staphylo
Cocci
Aureus

86
Q

Escherechia coli honors…

Coli=

A

Theodor Escherich

Colon

87
Q

Once introduced, scientific names may be..

A

Abbreviated

On the forst paragraph of a research pper, it is required to be spelled out

88
Q

Complete and correct name of salmonella

A

Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Dublin

89
Q

Common/ Descriptive/Trivial name of…

M. tuberculosis

A

Tubercle bacillus

90
Q

Common/ Descriptive/Trivial name of…

N. meningitidis

A

Meningococcus

91
Q

Common/ Descriptive/Trivial name of…

S. pyogenes

A

Group A streptococcus

92
Q

Acts as co factors for enzymatic reactions

93
Q

Need carbon dioxide

Requires more CO2 than oxygen

A

Autotrophs

Capnophiles

94
Q

Disease causing or pathogenic organisms are mostly…

A

Fastidious

95
Q

Obligate anaerobes (e.g) Clostridia Bacteroides)

A

Negative for superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase

96
Q

Psychrophiles

97
Q

Mesophiles

98
Q

Thermophiles

A

Above 45 C

99
Q

T or F

Most disease causing bacteria are mesophiles

100
Q

Survive beyond 80 C

A

Hyperthermophiles

101
Q

Survive at 0C

A

Psychroduric

102
Q

Need a lot of water/ moisture to grow

A

Humidophiles

103
Q

Can live in dry environments like the desert are

A

Xerophiles

104
Q

Requires an environment to grow with a concentration of salt that’s higher than normal are

A

Halophiles

105
Q

Mild halophiles
Moderate halophiles
Extreme halophiles

A

1-6 %salt
6-15 %salt
15-14 %salt

106
Q

Binary fission

A

Cell elongates and DNA is replicated

Cell wall and plasma membrane begin to divide

Cross-wall forms completely around divided DNA

Cell separate

107
Q

Four phases of bacterial growth curve

A

Lag phase
Log phase
Stationary phase
Death/ decline phase

108
Q

Binary fission occurs in what phase?

A

Log phase
Exponential growth phase

109
Q

3 types of strains

A

Biovars
Morphovars
Serovars

Bacte LEC (51 decks)

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