Scientists Flashcards
“Micrographia”
Compound microscope and its uses
Robert Hooke
Thin slice of cork showed “little boxes” or cells; history of cell biology; “all living things are composed of cells.”
Robert Hooke
First to observe live microorganisms (“animalcules”)
Anton van Leeuwenhoke
Single-lens microscope
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
(Swedish botanist)
Binomial nomenclature (“Systema Naturae”, 1735) : the genus (plural: genera) & specific epithet.
Carolus Linnaeus
The first letter of the genus is always capitalized, the specific epithet is not capitalized. Both names are underlined or italicized.
Binomial nomenclature
◼ 1st real experiment to dispute abiogenesis
Francesco Redi (an Italian physician; 1668)
◼ put boiled nutrient broth into covered flasks.
Pro abiogenesis
John Needham (1745-1748)
Evidence:
Lazzaro Spallanzani (1765)
Pro biogenesis
Is there a “life force” in air that can cause microbes to develop by spontaneous generation?
Is there a means of allowing air to enter a container but not the bacteria that are present in it?
Louis Pasteur (1864 )
Nutrient broth placed in long necked-flasks, then heated
No microbial growth
There is no such life force in air, and organisms do not arise by spontaneous generation
Pasteur
Historical Development : THE GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY
(1857-1914)
Pasteur’s work
The Germ Theory of Disease Vaccination
Antimicrobial drugs
Microbes are responsible for Fermentation (1857) and spoilage of food.
Vinegar (acetic acid) is produced when bacteria ferments ethanol in wine.
Spoilage bacteria could be killed through pasteurization (1864).
Pasteur’s Work
discovered a silkworm disease caused by a fungus.
Agostino Bassi
advocated handwashing to prevent spread of puerperal fever (childbirth fever).
Ignaz Semmelweis
used phenol (carbolic acid) to prevent surgical wound infections
Joseph Lister
discovered another silkworm disease caused by a protozoan.
Pasteur
provided experimental steps used to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease.
Robert Koch
Microbial Etiology of Important diseases established Koch :
•Vibrio cholerae = Cholera
•Mycobacterium tuberculosis = TB
•Bacillus anthracis = Anthrax
inoculated a person with cowpox virus resulting to protection from smallpox.
The protection is called immunity.
vaccination from vacca (cow)
Edward Jenner
: treatment of disease by using chemical substances.
can be synthetic drugs or natural (antibiotics).
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapeutic agents
= for malaria.
Quinine (tree bark)
developed salvarsan (magic bullet for syphilis).
Paul Ehrlich
Salvarsan toxic substance..
Arsenic
discovered penicillin from the mold, Penicillium chrysogenum.
Alexander Fleming
were synthesized.
Sulfonamides
: Penicillin was tested clinically & mass produced.
1940s
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT:
Modern Developments in Microbiology
Bacteriology
Mycology
Parasitology
Phycology
Virology
proposed the use of immunology to ID bacteria according to serotypes (variants within a species).
Rebecca Lancefield (1933)
introduced Recombinant DNA
Paul Berg (1960s)
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT:
Microbes and Human Welfare
Modern Biotechnology
Genetic engineering
Gene therapy
GMOs
Degradation of organic matter in sewage & detoxify pollutants.
Nitrosomonas europaea
Nitrobacter hamburgensis
Bioremediation
Biological Insecticides
Bacillus thuringiensis
Bioremediation
Nitrosomonas europaea
Nitrobacter hamburgensis
