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Bacte LEC > MYCOBACTERIUM OTHER THAN TUBERCULOSIS > Flashcards

MYCOBACTERIUM OTHER THAN TUBERCULOSIS Flashcards

1
Q

• It is medically important to characterize and separate M. tuberculosis from all other species of mycobacteria.

A

RUNYON CLASSIFICATION

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2
Q

Common mycobacteria

A

M. tuberculosis
M. leprae
M. avium complex
M. bovis

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3
Q

________on Middlebrook Agar
Mycobacteria pathogenic for humans can be differentiated
(Runyon Groups)

A

Photochromogenic M. kansasii

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4
Q

Mycobacteria pathogenic for humans can be differentiated
(Runyon Groups) by:

A

speed of growth (all are slower than most other pathogens) and by

• production of chromogenic pigments (in light, in dark, or none)

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5
Q

New Species Identified: Two new species,(2), were identified between January 2020 and October 2022.

These species were isolated from human sputum samples and are associated with respiratory diseases

A

Mycobacterium vicinigordonae and Mycobacterium senriense

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6
Q

Breakthrough Antibiotic: Researchers at the National University of Singapore have developed a novel antibiotic named______.

This antibiotic shows promise against hard-to-treat mycobacterial lung infections, particularly those caused by Mycobacterium abscessus.

It disrupts bacterial defenses and exhibits a low frequency of resistance, making it a potentially safer and more effective treatment

A

COE-PNH2

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7
Q

Opportunistic Mycobacterial Disease

Lymphadenopathy

AIDS related

A

M. avium complex

M. avium complex

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8
Q

• similar to M. tuberculosis
• the primary cause of tuberculosis in cattle
• Humans can acquire it from cattle by drinking______ if the cow has not been vaccinated

A

Mycobacterium bovis

unpasteurized milk

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9
Q

• A unique identifying characteristic - it is

susceptible to Thiophene-2-carboxylic acid hydrozide (TCH or T2H),

niacin negative, &

do not reduce nitrate.

A

M bovis

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10
Q

is resistant to TCH.

A

Mtb

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11
Q

Source of Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine

A

M bovis

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12
Q

Mycobacterium leprae
• Morphology is similar to

A

M. tuberculosis

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13
Q

• Unculturable on artificial media

A

Mycobacterium leprae

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14
Q

M leprae

• animal experiments:
• optimal growth temp.

A

armadillos, mouse’ footpads

30°C

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15
Q

• never been grown in-vitro cultivation due to a loss or disruption of many of the genes required for metabolism

A

M leprae

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16
Q

M leprae

  • a unique carbohydrate antigenic determinant
A

• surface lipid, phenolic glycolipid 1 (PGL-1)

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17
Q

• surface lipid, phenolic glycolipid 1 (PGL-1) - a unique carbohydrate antigenic determinant

A

M leprae

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18
Q

M leprae

  • a skin test reagent
A

• leprosin-A

19
Q

Pathogenesis
• Principal target cell is the Schwann cell (neurolemmocytes, principal glia of the PNS)

A

Mycobacterium leprae

20
Q

are capable of intracellular growth
• Resulting in nerve damage: anesthesia, muscle paralysis

A

• M. leprae

21
Q

• Repeated injuries/infections of the anesthetic extremities leads to gradual destruction

A

M leprae

22
Q

• Infiltration of the bacilli in the skin and cutaneous nerves leads to the formation of visible lesions.

A

M leprae

23
Q

Disease progression primarily depends on host’s immune responses - immunological spectrum of the disease

A

M leprae

24
Q

Few erythematous or hypopigmented plaques with flat centers and raised, demarcated borders;

peripheral nerve damage with complete sensory loss: visible enlargement of nerves

A

Tuberculoid Leprosy

25
Q

Infiltration of lymphocytes around center of epithelial cells; presence of Lang-hans’ cells: few or no acid-fast bacilli observed

A

Tuberculoid Leprosy

26
Q

Infectivity - Low
Immune response

Delayed hypersensitivity - Reactivity to lepromin
Immunoglobulin level - Normal
Erythema nodosum leprosum - Absent

A

Tubercoid leprosy

27
Q

Infectivity - High
Immune response

Delayed hypersensitivity — Non-Reactivity to lepromin

Immunoglobulin levels - Hypergammaglobinemia

Erythema nodosum leprosum - usually present

A

Lepromatous Leprosy

28
Q

Predominantly “foamy” macrophages with few lymphocytes; lack of Lang-hans’ cells; numerous acid-fast bacilli in skin lesions and internal organs

A

Lepromatous Leprosy

29
Q

Many erythematous macules, papules, or nodules extensive tissue destruction (e.g., nasal cartilage, bones, ears); diffuse nerve involvement wit/ patchy sensory loss; lack of nerve enlargement

A

Lepromatous Leprosy

30
Q

Laboratory Investigation
• Clinical diagnosis - confirmed by _________and by the detection of ______in nasal discharges, scrapings from the nasal mucosa and slit-skin smears

A

histological examination of skin biopsies

acid-fast bacilli

31
Q

Laboratory Investigation

  • obtained from obvious lesions, the ear lobes and apparently unaffected skin.
A

Smears

32
Q

Laboratory Investigation
Stain with_______ method
• number of bacilli seen in OlO recorded as bacillary index

A

Ziehl-Neelsen

33
Q

Laboratory Investigation

: patients with clinically active leprosy but no bacilli are seen on slit-skin smear examination

A

“Paucibacillary” disease

34
Q

Laboratory Investigation

: those who are bacilli positive at any site

A

• “Multibacillary” disease

35
Q

Laboratory Diagnosis

• The number of AFB present/OlF after examination of the entire smear

A

• Bacteriologic Index (BI)

36
Q

Laboratory Diagnosis

• The number of solid-staining cells/100 total bacilli examined

A

• Morphologic index (MI)

37
Q

Laboratory Diagnosis

aid the clinician in determining the progress of the disease

A

BI & MI:

38
Q

Laboratory Diagnosis

  • those with dense, uniform staining of the entire bacillus with even sides and rounded ends in which length of the bacillus is at least 5x the width of the bacillus.
A

Solid-staining cells

39
Q

Mycobacterium leprae
• Treatment:
•__________- 6-month therapy
• Rifampicin 600 mg*
• Dapsone 100 mg**

A

Paucibacillary leprosy

40
Q

Mycobacterium leprae

________- 12-month therapy
• Rifampicin 600 mg*
• Dapsone 100 mg**
• Clofazimine 300 mg* and 50 mg**

A

Multibacillary leprosy

41
Q

Runyon Group / (Slow-Growing

A

M. kansasii
M. marinum
M. simiae

42
Q

Runyon Group II (Slow-Growing

A

M. szulgai
M. scrofulaceum
M. xenop

43
Q

Runyon Group III (Slow-Growing

A

M. avium complex
M. genavense
M. haemophilum
M. malmoense

44
Q

Runyon Group IV (Rapid Growers)

A

M. fortuitum
M. chelonae
M. abscessus
M. mucogenicum

Bacte LEC (29 decks)

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