Vaccines and immunological memory Flashcards
What is immunisation
process through which an individual develops immunity/memory to a disease
what is active immunity
protection from the persons own immune system
cab be stimulated by vaccine
permanent
what are examples of passive immunity
placental transfer of antibodies
antibodies in breast milk
What is herd immunity
population can be protected from a certain virus if a threshold vaccination is reached
what is the R0 value
the percentage of people who need to be vaccinated in order to achieve herd immunity
What happens as R0 value is increased
percentage of individuals needing vaccinated to reach the herd immunity threshold is increased
what cells are needed for immunological memory
memory B cells
long-lived plasma cells
memory CD4+ T
Memory CD8+ CTLs
why do memory B and T cells make a more effective immune response
present in greater numbers
long lived in absence of antigen
already undergone class switching
What are the major types of vaccines
inactivated vaccines
weakened (attenuated) pathogens
DNA/RNA vaccines
what are the types of inactivated vaccines
whole killed pathogens
subunit vaccines
conjugate vaccines
What do whole killed vaccines consist of
whole virus particles that have been inactivated.
no longer capable or infecting/replicating
What are subunit vaccines
contain specific antigen fragments of the pathogen
what are conjugate vaccines
polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein that can induce a long term immune response
what are live attenuated vaccines
contain whole viruses or bacteria that are weakened
creative a protective immune response
don’t cause disease
who should not receive live attenuated vaccines
patients with suppressed immune systems
