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FoM > Blood And Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Blood And Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

What is the path taken by blood to arrive at capillaries

A

Arteries
Elastic arteries
Muscular arteries
Arterioles
Meta arterioles

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2
Q

What is the path taken by blood LEAVING the capillaries

A

Post capillary venule
Veins

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3
Q

What is the structure of the tunica intima (inner layer) of a blood vesicle

A

Endothelial cells supported by a basal lamina and thin layer of connective tissue

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4
Q

What is the structure of the tunica media (middle)

A

smooth muscle

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5
Q

What is the structure of the tunica adventitia

A

Made up of supporting connective tissue

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6
Q

How is the tunica intima seperated from the media

A

Layer of elastic tissue called the internal elastic membrane

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7
Q

How is the tunica media separated from the adventitia

A

External elastic membrane

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8
Q

How are elastic fibres stained

A

Using special stains (H or E won’t work)

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9
Q

How do larger arteries differ to general arteries

A

tunica media has sheets of elastic fibres not smooth muscle

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10
Q

How does the outer part of the artery wall obtain nutrients in elastic (large) arteries

A

Vaso vasorum

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11
Q

How do the inner layers of artery walls obtain nutrients

A

Diffusion as they are closer to lumen

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12
Q

What happens to the structure of arteries as they become smaller

A

Lose smooth muscle - only 1 or 2 layers in media and very little adventitia

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13
Q

What is the structure of a terminal arteriole

A

No internal lamina
Covered by continuous coat of smooth muscle cells

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14
Q

What is the structure of a meta arteriole

A

non-contractile cells called pericytes access capillaries

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15
Q

What is the structure of a capillary

A

Composed of endothelial cells and a basal lamina
Receives nutrients by diffusion

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16
Q

What structures are capillaries absent in

A

Epidermis of skin, hair and nails
Hyaline cartilage

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of capillary

A

Continuous (epithelial)
Fenestrated
Discontinuous/sunusoidal

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18
Q

Where are continuous capillaries found

A

Muscle
Nerve
Lung
Skin

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19
Q

What is the function of fenestrated capillaries

A

Gut mucosa
Endocrine glands
Kidney

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20
Q

What is the structure of fenestrated capillaries

A

contain small pores

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21
Q

What is the structure of discontinuous capillaries

A

Have large gaps in membrane

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22
Q

Where are discontinuous capillaries found

A

Liver
Spleen
Bone marrow

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23
Q

What is the function of precapillary sphincters

A

help to control the flow through the network
Composed of smooth muscle

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24
Q

Why are post-capillary venules important

A

Important sites for exchange i.e. cell moving into tissue for inflammation

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25
Q

When are vessels considered venules

A

When they acquire intermittent smooth muscle cells in the tunica media layer

26
Q

What is the structure of a vein

A

Tunica intima
Thin tunica medica
Large tunica adventitia

27
Q

What is the function of the lymph vascular system

A

Drain excess tissue fluid into the blood stream
Transports lymph to lymph nodes

28
Q

What is the structure of lymphatic vessels

A

Thin walled
No central pump
contains smooth muscle in walls

29
Q

How do lymphatic vessels produce flow

A

Compression of vessels (voluntary muscle)
Hydrostatic pressure in tissue

30
Q

Where is the majority of blood found in the body

A

Peripheral veins (65%)

31
Q

What are the components of the blood

A

Formed elements
Plasma

32
Q

What do ‘formed elements’ in the blood consist of

A

Red cells
White cells
Platelets

33
Q

What proteins are found in blood plasma

A

albumin
clotting factors

34
Q

What does blood plasma consist of

A

Water
Proteins
Nutreints
Salts

35
Q

What are the 2 types of white cells

A

Granulocytes (lots of granules in the cytoplasm)
Agranulocytes

36
Q

What are the types of granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

37
Q

What are the types of agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes
Monocytes

38
Q

How does blood separate in a centrifuge

A

Red cells are densest, found at bottom
Then white cells
Plasma at top

39
Q

How is serum extracted

A

allow blood to clot first then remove the clots

40
Q

When is plasma considered serum

A

If clotting factors are removed before centrifuge

41
Q

What are the characteristics of erthyrocytes (red blood cells RBC)

A

No nucleus or organelles
1/3 taken up by haemoglobin
flexible

42
Q

How long do erythrocytes last

A

4 months
Removed by spleen and liver

43
Q

What is the most common type if leukocytes (white blood cells)

A

Neutrophils - 40-75%

44
Q

What are neutrophils activated by

A

bacteria

45
Q

What are the characteristics of neutrophils

A

Granules
Multi-lobed nucleus
Produced in bone marrow

46
Q

What are the characteristics of eosinophils

A

Granules containing hydrolytic enzymes

Released form marrow, circulate then move into tissue

47
Q

What is the function of eosinophils

A

fighting parasitic infection

48
Q

What are the characteristics of basophils

A

Least common granulocytes
Affinity for basic dyes (purple)
Bilobed nucleus

49
Q

What are the functions of basophils

A

Effector cells in allergic reactions
Release granules

50
Q

When do monocytes become macrophages

A

when in tissues

51
Q

What are the characteristics of monocytes

A

Numerous small lysosomal granules
Non-lobulated (kidney shaped) nucleus

52
Q

What makes up the mononuclear phagocyte system

A

Monocytes and macrophages
Members ‘wander’ around body/tissues

53
Q

What are the characteristics of lymphocytes

A

No visible granules
B cells and T cells (cant distinguish via stain)
Arise in bone marrow

54
Q

Where do T cells differentiate

A

Thymus

55
Q

What is the B cell immune response

A

Give rise to antibody secreting plasma cells

56
Q

What is the T cell immune respone

A

Form a complex set of cells that perform defence functions such as killing defective cells

57
Q

What are platelets

A

Small cell fragments found in blood
Play key role in the prevention of blood loss (hemostasis)

58
Q

What is the structure of a platelet

A

Well developed cytoskeleton
Some organelles, no nucleus
Granules containing some coagulation factors

59
Q

How does blood formation change through development

A

Bone marrow produces blood by birth
Bones expand, hemopoiesis (production of blood) shut down in many bones

60
Q

Which cells produce platelets

A

Megakaryocytes - large cells of bone marrow that platelets fragment off from

61
Q

can you distinguish between lymphocytes in routine stains

A

no

FoM (38 decks)

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