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fom > Feedback Control - Temperture And Other Vital Signs > Flashcards

Feedback Control - Temperture And Other Vital Signs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the maintained core body temperature

A

Normothermia

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2
Q

What is the core body temperature

A

Temperature of the blood and internal organs

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3
Q

What temperature is the core homeostatically maintained

A

37.8 degrees

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4
Q

Why is the skin/subcutaneous fat not a good site for monitoring tempreatures

A

Skin temperature varies widely

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5
Q

What is normothermia optimum for

A

Cellular function
Metabolism

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6
Q

What happens if body temperature is increased

A

Speeds up cellular metabolism
Causes overheating
Therefore proteins denature and nerve malfunction

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7
Q

What happens if body temperature is decreased

A

Slows down metabolism and cellular function

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8
Q

What temperature range is considered a fever

A

38-40

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9
Q

What temperature range is considered hyperthermic

A

40+

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10
Q

What temperature range is considered hypothermic

A

Below 35

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11
Q

Where are the sites for the direct estimate of body temperature

A

Rectal
Oesophageal

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12
Q

What is the term used to describe slightly varying core temperature throughout the day in the same individual

A

Diurnal variation

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13
Q

What can alter body temperature

A

Exercise
Exposure to extreme temperatures

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14
Q

When will the core temperature of a female vary

A

During the menstrual cycle and after ovulation

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15
Q

What is the main source of heat gain/production

A

Internal environment - metabolic heat gain

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16
Q

What are the sources of heat gain from the external environment

A

Radiation
Convection
Conduction

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17
Q

What are the ways heat is lost to the external environment

A

Radiation
Conduction
Convection
Evaporation

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18
Q

What is the Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

A

Minimum amount of energy required to sustain vital body function

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19
Q

How can the BMR be increased

A

Hormones
Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
Thyroxine

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20
Q

How does shivering increase heat production

A

By increasing muscle activity

21
Q

How is heat lost through radiation

A

The human body emits and absorbs radiant heat depending on relative temperature of body and surrounding objects

22
Q

How much of the bodys heat is lost through radiation

A

Half

23
Q

How does the body lose heat through conduction

A

Heat moves warmer to cooler
Transfer of heat through direct contact

24
Q

How does the body lose heat through convection

A

Transfer of heat energy by air/water currents which help to carry heat away from the body

25
Q

How does convection and conduction work together to cool down the body

A

Conduction warms the skin
Warm air is less dense and rises away from skin, cool air collects on skin

26
Q

What is the wind chill factor

A

Forced air movement (by fan) allows greater total amount of heat to be carried away from the body

27
Q

How is heat lost from the body through evaporation

A

Energy used to convert water on the skin to vapour
This energy comes from the body
Passive and active evaporation
Humidity of atmosphere affects evaporation

28
Q

What is passive evaporative heat loss

A

Occurs continuously
Water molecules continuously diffuse from skin and lining of resp airways

29
Q

What is an active evaporative heat loss process

A

Sweating
Controlled
Sympathetic nervous system

30
Q

How does the human body maintain its core temperature

A

At a set point
Homeostatic mechanisms involving negative feedback control system

31
Q

What are the sensors involved for the negative feedback control of temperature control

A

Central thermoreceptors (hypothalmus)
Peripheral thermoreceptors (skin)

32
Q

What is the control centre for the negative feedback control of temperature

A

In hypothalmus

33
Q

What are the effectors for the negative feedback control of temperature

A

Skeletal muscles
Skin arterioles
Sweat glands

34
Q

What are the neural inputs to the hypothalamus

A

Include those from the negative feedback receptors for temperature regulation

35
Q

Which hypothalamic centre is activated by cold

A

Posterior

36
Q

Which hypothalamic centre is activated by the warmth

A

Anterior

37
Q

HOw does the hypothalamus interact with systems to have an affect on the bodys core temperature

A

Neural connections to motor neurons which control the skeletal muscle system
Connections to the sympathetic nervous system

38
Q

What is the response of the skin arterioles to cold exposure

A

Vasoconstriction
Blood flow to skin surface is reduced
Conserve heat

39
Q

What are the skeletal muscles respionse to cold exposure

A

Increased muscle tone
Shivering
Increases heat production

40
Q

What other behavioural adaptations occur to conserve heat

A

Postural changes which reduced exposed surface area

41
Q

What is the response of skin arterioles in response to heat exposure

A

Vasodilation
Blood flow to skinincreased
Increase heat loss

42
Q

What is the sweat glands response to heat exposure

A

Sweating - evaporation increases heat loss

43
Q

What are the skeletal muscles response to heat exposure

A

Decreased muscle tone
Decreased voluntary movement
Decrease heat production

44
Q

What is the function of endogenous pyrogen

A

Stimulate the release of prostaglandins in the hypothalamus

45
Q

What cell type can act as endogenous pyrogen response to inflammation of infection

A

Macrophages (release chemicals)

46
Q

What happens when prostaglandins act on the hypothalamic thermo-regulatory centre

A

Reset the brains thermostat to a higher resting temperature

47
Q

How is a fever achieved in response to the new set point

A

Hypothalamus initiates mechanisms to heat the body

48
Q

How can the hypothalamic increased set point be reduced to normal

A

Pyrogen release is reduced/stopped
Prostaglandins synthesis is decreased/stopped

49
Q

What happens after prostaglandin synthesis is decreased or pyrogen release is decreased

A

Hypothalamus initiates mechanisms to cool the body and return it to the reduced set point

fom (38 decks)

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