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Antibiotic Therapies Flashcards

1
Q

What are bacteriostatic antibiotics

A

inhibit the growth of bacteria

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2
Q

what are bacteriocidal antibiotics

A

kill bacteria

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3
Q

What gives an antibiotic a broad spectrum

A

act against many gram negative and gram positive bacteria

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4
Q

What are the qualities of an ideal antibiotic

A

selective toxicity
long half-life (no constant administering)
appropriate tissue distribution

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5
Q

what is selective toxicity

A

antibiotic targets the bacteria and not the host

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6
Q

is 100% of an oral antibiotic absorbed

A

no

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7
Q

how are oral antibiotics excreted

A

urine
liver/ biliary tract into faeces

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8
Q

What processes are targeted by antibiotics

A

peptidoglycan synthesis
protein synthesis
nucleic acid synthesis

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9
Q

What are common cell wall anti-microbials

A

penicillins
cephalosporins
glycopeptides

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10
Q

which common cell wall antimicrobials are beta-lactam sensitive

A

penicillin
cephalosporins

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11
Q

what are the targets of B-lactams

A

penicillin binding proteins (PBP)

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12
Q

How do B-lactam antimicrobials work

A

antimicrobials contain B-lactam ring
recognised by cell wall synthesising enzyme
synthesis halted

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13
Q

What dipeptide is mistook for B-lactam by enzyme

A

D-alanine D-alanine terminal

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14
Q

How are the penicillins excreted

A

rapidly via kidneys

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15
Q

What are the limitations of the penicillins

A

patients can be hypersensitive (allergic)
rapid excretion
resistance

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16
Q

How have microbes developed a penicillin resistance

A

clinical overuse
penicillin was exposed to many microbes
resistant strains naturally selected for

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17
Q

Which type of organism is flucloxacillin used on

A

gram positive organisms

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18
Q

Which type of penicillin is used on gram negative and gram positive microbes

A

amoxicillin

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19
Q

Which type of penicillin is used on gram negative organisms only

A

temocillin

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20
Q

Why is co-amoxiclav used

A

contains clavulanic acid which inhibits B-lactamases

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21
Q

Why are the benefits of amoxicillin

A

well absorbed orally
good tissue distribution

22
Q

What are B-lactamases

A

microbial enzymes that destroy the B-lactam ring

23
Q

What penicillin is prescribed for staphylococci and streptococci only

A

flucloxacillin

24
Q

What are the properties of cephalosporins

A

long half life
few side effects
more resistance to B-lactamases
broad range

25
Q

How are cephalosporins excreted

A

kidneys/urine

26
Q

what is the downside of an antibiotic with a broad range

A

can have an impact on the host (flora)

27
Q

How do glycopeptides work

A

binds to end of peptide side chains
inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis

28
Q

How are glycopeptides excreted

A

kidneys/urine

29
Q

why do glycopeptides only work on gram positive organisms

A

outer membrane in gram negative organisms stops use of glycopeptides

30
Q

How do antibiotics target metabolic pathways

A

microbes contain pathways unique to them

31
Q

How do protein synthesis inhibitors target prokaryotes

A

prokaryotic ribosomes differ to eukaryotic ribosomes

32
Q

How do protein synthesis inhibitors work

A

attach to bacterial ribosomes blocking steps in protein synthesis

33
Q

what type of protein synthesis inhibitor has transient ribosome binding

A

bacteriostatic - protein synthesis resumed once antibiotic is removed

34
Q

what type of protein synthesis inhibit has permanent ribosome binding

A

bacteriocidal

35
Q

What are the 3 main classes of protein synthesis inhibitors prescribed

A

aminoglycosides
tetracyclines
macroslides

36
Q

What is a common aminoglycoside prescribed

A

gentamicin

37
Q

What are the properties of gentamicin

A

given IV (not gut absorbed)
mainly used for gm -ve aerobic

38
Q

What is the risk associated with gentamicin

A

causes damage to kidneys

39
Q

what are the properties of tetracyclines

A

stops peptide chain elongation
broad spectrum

40
Q

what are the risks associated with tetracyclines

A

increasing resistance
destruction to normal gut flora

41
Q

what happens if gut flora is damaged

A

results in increasing risk to secondary infections to C.diff

42
Q

How do macro slides inhibit protein synthesis

A

bind to 50s subunit
block translocation/release of peptide

43
Q

what antibiotics target nucleic acids

A

fluoroquinolones
metronidazole

44
Q

How do quinolones kill bacteria

A

bind to DNA subunit and prevent supercoiling - new dna cannot be synthesised

45
Q

What is metronidazole prescribed for

A

anaerobes
Protozoa

46
Q

What intermediate metabolism can be blocked by antibiotics

A

folic acid synthesis

47
Q

why should bactericidal and bacteriostatic antibiotics never be combined

A

cancel each other out
block protein synthesis - need lytic enzymes

48
Q

why are some antibiotics given in combination

A

cover broad range of possible infections
prevent development of resistance

49
Q

which 4 antibiotics increase the risk of a C.diff infection

A

Cephalosporins
co-amoxiclav
ciprofloxacin
clindamycin

50
Q

What type of bacteria are tetracyclines used against

A

intracellular

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