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FoM > Diversity Of Cells And Their Function > Flashcards

Diversity Of Cells And Their Function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 primary histology techniques

A

Tissue processing
Embedding and sectioning
Staining - colour different parts of the cell

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2
Q

What are the stages of tissue processing (general)

A

Sample removed
Fixation
Dehydration
Clearing
Infiltration

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3
Q

What happens during the ‘fixation’ stage of tissue processing

A

Sample soaked in fixated solution - acetic acid

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4
Q

What happens during the ‘dehydration’ stage of tissue processing

A

Using high concentrations of ethyl alcohol the water in the tissue is replaced with alcohol

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5
Q

What happens during the ‘clearing’ stage of tissue processing

A

Clearing agent such as xylene is used to replace the soluble alcohol

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6
Q

What happens during the ‘infiltration’ stage of tissue processing

A

Non-soluble xylene is replaced with non-soluble paraffin wax which surrounds the sample

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7
Q

Which tissue components take up acidic stains

A

Acidophilic

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8
Q

What colour does acid stain

A

Red or pink
Eosin

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9
Q

What tissue components take up basic stains

A

Basophilic

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10
Q

What colour does basic stain

A

Blue or purple
Hematoxylin

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11
Q

What colour does neutral stain (nt. charge)

A

Give different colour to different components

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12
Q

What does hematoxylin bind to

A

DNA/RNA and colours the nucleus

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13
Q

What does Eosin bind to

A

Amino acids/proteins therefore colours cytoplasm pink

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14
Q

What are the 4 tissue types

A

Epithelium
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue

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15
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissue

A

Line hollow organs
Form glands

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16
Q

What is the function of connective tissue

A

Forms framework
Fills gaps - transport of nutrients

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17
Q

How are the cells of muscle tissues specialised to contract

A

Contain more cytoskeleton

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18
Q

What is the function of muscle tissue

A

Specialised to contract
Have more cytoskeleton to contract

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19
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue

A

Cardiac
Skeletal
Smooth

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20
Q

What does nervous tissue consist of

A

Neurons
supporting cells

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21
Q

What is the function of nervous tissue

A

Specialised to conduct impulses

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22
Q

What are the characteristics of epithelia

A

Polar
Tightly adherent
Avascular

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23
Q

What are the types of epithelium

A

Covering epithelium
Glandular epithelium

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24
Q

What is a simple epithelium

A

Single cell layer

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25
Q

What is a stratified epithelium

A

2 or more cell layers

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26
Q

What is a pseudo-stratified epithelium

A

Single cell layer, appears as multiple cell layers as nucleus are at different levels

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27
Q

What is a squamous epithelial cell

A

Flat

28
Q

What is a transitional stratified epithelial cell

A

Top most cell layer varies in cell shape (squamous, cuboidal etc)

29
Q

What makes a columnar epithelial cell

A

Height of cell is greater than the base

30
Q

What are the types of epithelial cell surface specialisation

A

Cilia
Keratin
Microvilli

31
Q

What is the function of cilia

A

Hair-like, move things such as mucus
Trachea

32
Q

What is the function of keratin

A

Protection
Skin

33
Q

What is the function of microvilli

A

Absorb nutrients
Small intestine

34
Q

What are the types of glandular epithelium

A

Exocrine
Endocrine

35
Q

Direction of secretion for exocrine glandular epithelium

A

Toward topmost level via duct pipe

36
Q

Direction of secretion for endocrine

A

Toward basal lamina (down), no pipeline so dump into bloodstream (lots of capillaries)

37
Q

Which type of glandular cell is avascular

A

Endocrine

38
Q

What type of tissue is embryonic

A

Connective

39
Q

What are the 4 types of soft connective tissue

A

Loose
Dense
Reticular - forms network
Adipose - fat tissue

40
Q

What are the 2 types of hard connective tissue

A

Cartilage
Bone

41
Q

What typeof tissue is blood considered

A

Special connective tissue, contains cells and matrix component

42
Q

What are the components of connective tissue cells

A

Fibroblasts
Adipocytes
Osteocytes
Chondrocytes

43
Q

How is the type of connective tissue determined

A

By types and relative amounts of components and extracellular matrix

44
Q

What are the components of the connective tissue’s extracellular matrix

A

Fiber
Ground substance
Tissue fluid

45
Q

What are the types of fibers in connective tissue ECM

A

Collagen
Elastic
Reticular

46
Q

What makes up the ground substance in connective tissue ECM

A

GAGs - molecules of carbs and proteins that attract water
Glycoproteins

47
Q

What is the structure of loose connective tissue

A

Loosely packed fibres
Abundant ground substance
Plenty of cells

48
Q

What is the structure of adipose tissue

A

Little ECM
Little ground substance
Cells filled with fat droplets

49
Q

What is the structure of dense connective tissue

A

Densely packed bundles of collagen fibres.

50
Q

What are the characteristics of cartilage

A

Strong flexible
Semi-rigid due to ground substance
Avascular

51
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrous

52
Q

What are the characteristics of hyaline cartilage

A

Clear matrix
Groups of chondrocytes

53
Q

What are the characteristics of fibrocartilage

A

Collagen fibre bundles in ECM
Single chondrocytes in lacunae

54
Q

What are the characteristics of elastic cartilage

A

Thin elastic fibres with ground substance in ECM
Group of chondrocytes

55
Q

What does the extra-cellular matrix (ECM) consist of

A

collagen
ground substance

56
Q

What are the components of bone

A

Cells
ECM

57
Q

What are the properties of compact bone

A

dense
no cavities

58
Q

What is the structure of a compact bone

A

Osteon arrangement with a central canal

59
Q

What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle

A

Striated
Short with branches
Intercalated disc (junction between 2 cells)
Involuntary
Single central nucleus

60
Q

What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle

A

Striated and cylindrical
Long and unbranched
Voluntary (move arm eg)

61
Q

What are the characteristics of smooth muscle

A

No visible striatons
Involuntary

62
Q

What are the components of nervous tissue

A

Supporting glial cells
Connective tissue coat

63
Q

How many cytoplasmic process comes directly out of the cell body of a bipolar neuron

A

2

64
Q

What is a pseudo-unipolar nueron

A

One cytoplasmic process (branch coming from cell body)
Contains a central process and peripheral process

65
Q

What are the types of supporting glial cells in the central nervous system

A

Microgalia
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes (octopus)

66
Q

What is the function of the Schwann cell

A

produce myelin
support axon
different myelination process

67
Q

What are the components of spongy bone

A

Fine network of cavities

FoM (38 decks)

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