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FoM > Adaptive immunity > Flashcards

Adaptive immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Where are low levels of complement system proteins normally found

A

plasma
extracellular fluids

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2
Q

Where can complement system proteins be activated

A

once in tissues

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3
Q

What occurs once the complement system is activated

A

cascade of chemical reactions

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4
Q

What can occur as result of the chemical of cascade reactions once the complement system is activated

A

Opsonisation of pathogens
direct pathogen killing
acute inflammation
leukocyte recruitment

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5
Q

What leukocyte is commonly recruited in response to acute inflammation

A

neutrophil

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6
Q

What is the inactive precursor of the complement system

A

C3

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7
Q

What are the 3 methods of cleaving c3

A

classical pathway
MBL pathway
alternative pathway

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8
Q

what is formed as result of cleaving c3

A

C3b and C3a

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9
Q

Why is the MBL pathway at targeting bacterium

A

MBL binds to mannose which is not a self molecule, can only be found on bacteria

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10
Q

What happens when MBL binds to mannose

A

produces another C3 converting enzyme which can result in activation of the alternative pathway

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11
Q

What ensures that the amplification loop can only begin when pathogens are around

A

C3b is produced which is unstable
tissue cells have inhibitors and so loop can only be activated when pathogens around

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12
Q

What happens when c3b binds to a pathogens surface

A

C5 is cleaved into C5b and C5a

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13
Q

What is the function of C5b

A

Builds membrane attack complex (MAC) which punctures pathogen cells

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14
Q

What is the function of C5a

A

promote inflammation

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15
Q

What is the function of C3a

A

promote inflammation via mast cells of histamine

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16
Q

What is responsible for activating the complement system

A

acute phase response in the liver

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17
Q

Which adaptive immune cell is responsible for humoral immune responses

A

B cells

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18
Q

Which adaptive immune cell is responsible for cellular immune responses

A

T cells

19
Q

Which adaptive immune cell is responsible for killing extracellular pathogens

A

B cells

20
Q

Which adaptive immune cell is responsible for defence against intracellular pathogens

A

T cells

21
Q

What are the 2 main types of T cell

A

CD4+
CD8+

22
Q

What is the main function of CD4+T cells

A

Key regulators of the immune system via cytokines

23
Q

what is the main function of CD8+T cells

A

kill virally infected body cells (the “muscle” of T cells)

24
Q

How do adaptive immune cells detect invading pathogens

A

recognise antigens via antigen receptors (specific)

25
Q

What are B cell receptors

A

antibodies

26
Q

What is the structure of a B cell receptor (BCR)

A

polypeptide chains
2 heavy chains
2 light chains
unique variable region

27
Q

What are the 2 forms of antibody

A

membrane bound
soluble

28
Q

What is the humoral immune response needed for

A

production of soluble antibodies

29
Q

What do B cell antibodies bind to

A

soluble antigens

30
Q

What do T cell receptors bind to

A

peptide antigens

31
Q

What does the T cell antigen receptor consist of

A

alpha chain
beta chain

32
Q

What is needed for T cell receptors to bind to antigens

A

MHC molecules must present the antigen to the receptor

33
Q

What are the examples of soluble antigens B cell receptors can respond to

A

lipid antigen
protein antigen
carbohydrate antigens

34
Q

Which class of MHC presents antigens to CD8

A

MHC 1

35
Q

Which class of MHC present antigens to CD4

A

MHC 2

36
Q

Where is MHC 1 expressed

A

on all nucleated cells

37
Q

Where is MHC 2 expressed

A

only on professional antigen presenting cells (APCs)
dendritic cells
macrophages

38
Q

Where does the adaptive immune response occur

A

secondary lymphoid tissues

39
Q

How do T and B cells enter lymph nodes

A

high endothelial venue

40
Q

How do B cells encounter antigens

A

soluble antigens are released by phagocytes which drain through lymphatic vessels

41
Q

How do T cells encounter antigens

A

dendritic cells display peptides derived from pathogens on their surface

42
Q

Do dendritic cells express MHC 1 and MHC 2

A

yes

43
Q

When do T cells replicate

A

once antigen is bound

FoM (38 decks)

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