Muscular/skeleton System And Movement Flashcards
How can arteries supplying joints be damaged
Dislocation
How do joints have a strong nerve supply
Senseory receptors of nerve joints can detect
Pain
Touch
Temperature
Proprioception (spacial awareness)
What are the 3 different types of joints
Synovial
Cartilaginous
Fibrous
What are the qualities of fibrous joints
Limited mobility
Most stable
What are the types of fibrous joints
Syndesmoses
Sutures
How do syndesmoses connect bones
Via fibrous sheet of fibrous membrane
Where are sutures found
Between bones of skull and are completely fixed
What is an example of a fibrous sheet (syndesmoses)
Right interosseous membrane between tibia and fibula
What is an example of wide suture
Fontanelles
‘Soft spot’ in neonatal skull
Allow bones to ‘slide’ over each other
Smaller for passing through birthing canal
What are the qualities of cartilaginous joints
Fairly limited mobility
Relative;y stable
What are the qualities of primary cartilaginous joints
Synchondroses
Bones joined by hyaline cartilage
Permit growth in length of bone (epi growth plate)
What are the qualities of secondary cartilaginous joints
Symphyses
Strong
Slightly moveable
Fibrocartilage
What is an example of a secondary cartilaginous joint
Intervertebral discs
What is a common issue of secondary cartilaginous joints
Can slip
Eg slipped disc
What does the structure of a secondary cartilaginous joint contain
Outer fibrous ring
Inner soft centre
How does the spine make big movements
Each intervertebral disc allows a small amount of movement, added all together causes considerable movement
What are the typical features of synovial joints
2 or more articulating bones
Articular surface covered by hyaline cartilage
Capsule
Joint cavity
Skeletal muscles/tendons
Special features
What type of joint is typically supported by ligaments
Synovial
What does a joint cavity contain in a synovial joint
Synovial fluid
What is the function of synovial fluid
Cushions
Nourishes
Lubricates
What is the function of a ligament
Joins bone-to-bone
Provides support and stability
What is the function of bursae found around a synovial joint
Prevent friction around joint
What is an example of a synovial joint special features
Articular disc in TMJ joint
What are the 5 subtypes of synovial joint
Pivot
Plane
Hingr
Biaxial
Ball and socket
What is the structure of a pivot joint
Rounded bone end fits into socket, allows rotation greater than 45 degrees (neck)
What is the function of plane synovial joints
Allow gliding or sliding movements (in 1 plane)
What is the function of a hinge joint
Allow reasonable range of movement in one plane
Flexion and extension only
What is the function of a ball and socket synovial joint
Good range of multi-axial movement (circumduction)
Hip joint
What is the function of a biaxial synovial joint
Reasonable movement in one plane and less in another plane (favours one plane)
- think knuckle joint
Which type of joint is the most mobile
Synovial
What factor determines movement direction of joint
Shape or articular (joining) surface
What is a dislocation of a joint
Complete loss of contact between articular surfaces
What is subluxation of a joint
Reduced area of contact between articular surface, but still connected
If a joint has a ligament injury or slipped disc but its articular surfaces are still in normal relation to each other, is there a dislocation?
No, surfaces still in place relative to each other
What are the joints of the finger called
Proximal interphalangeal joint
Distal interphalangeal joint
Which joint in the head is commonly dislocated
The left or right temporomandibular joint ,which is the synovial joint between the mandibular fossa and the articular tubercle of the temporal bone
Where are skeletal muscles usually found
Deep to the deep fascia
What are the properties of longer muscle fibres
Greater potential range for contraction, there can produce more movement at a joint
What are a few skeletal muscle types
Circular (sockets)
Pennate - featherlike
Quadrate
Fusiform - splits into heads
What is the origin of the joint
Least movable part of the joint
What is the insertion of the joint
Most mobile side, opposite end to origin
Where do muscle fibres shorten during contraction
Along the axis between origin and insertion
How are muscles attached to bone
Tendon, found at either end of the muscle
Do tendons contract
No
What us an aponeurosis
Flattened tendon
What is the function of an aponeurosis
Attach muscle to soft tissue rather than bone
What are the 2 main reflexes of the skeletal muscles
Stretch reflex
Flexion withdrawal reflex (pull hand away)
Nerve connections at SPINE
What are stretch reflexes
A tendon jerks, the natural response is to contract to stop overstretching
What is muscle paralysis
Muscle without functioning motor nerve supply
Cannot contract
Reduced tone on examination
What is muscle spasticity
Intact and functioning motor nerve
Descending controls from brain are not working
Muscle would have increased tone upon examination
How does muscle atrophy
Muscle fibres become smaller as result of inactivity
Damage to motor nerve supply
What is muscle hypertrophy
When the individual muscle fibres get bigger
