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FoM > Anatomy of the cell > Flashcards

Anatomy of the cell Flashcards

1
Q

What type of cell has a high water content

A

Embryonic

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2
Q

What type of cell has a low water content

A

Old

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3
Q

What are the materials found in a cell

A

Water
Protein
Lipid
Carbohydrate
Inorganic

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4
Q

What are the features of a eukaryotic cell

A

Outer membrane
Inner cytosol
Cytoskeleton
Membrane bound organelles
Inclusions

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5
Q

What is cytosol

A

Solution of proteins, electrolytes and carbohydrates. Has both fluid and gel-like properties

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6
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton

A

Determine the shape and fluidity of the cell

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7
Q

What are the components of the cytoskeleton

A

Thin filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

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8
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane

A

Separates the cytoplasm from the outside environment

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9
Q

What are the components of the plasma membrane

A

Hydrophilic heads at the outer and inner surfaces and hydrophobic fatty chains facing the middle.

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10
Q

What examples of integral proteins

A

receptors,
channels,
transporters,
enzymes
cell attachment proteins

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11
Q

Define exocytose

A

Takes materials from inside the cell and pulls them to out of the cell

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12
Q

Define endocytose

A

Pulls materials from outside the cell to inside the cell

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13
Q

What are membrane proteins

A

Can diffuse laterally in the cell membrane. Many are anchored, not equally distributed along the cell membrane

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14
Q

Which term best describes the cell membrane

A

Selectively permeable

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15
Q

What is the cell membrane highly permeable to

A

Water
Oxygen
Small hydrophobic molecules

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16
Q

What is the cell membrane virtually impermeable to

A

Charged ions (Na+)

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17
Q

What are organelles

A

Small intracellular organs with a specific function and structural organisation

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18
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria

A

Generate ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. Involved in the synthesis of certain lipids and proteins

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19
Q

What are the key components in the structure of the mitochondria

A

Outer and inner membrane
Inner membrane folded to form cristae which increases surface area
Contains own DNA for protein production

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20
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Protein synthesis and initiation of glycoprotein formation

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21
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Cholesterol and lipid synthesis/detoxification

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22
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus

A

Modification and packaging of secretions (macromolecules).

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23
Q

What are some modifications that take place in the golgi apparatus

A

Add sugars
Cleaves some proteins
Sorts macromolecules into vesicles

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24
Q

What are lysosomes

A

Membrane bound organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes for intracellular digestion

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25
Q

What are cell inclusions

A

Not always membrane bound.
Dispensable and not always present (transient).

26
Q

What are examples of some inclusions

A

Pigment
Glycogen stores
Lipid droplets
Presecretion product

27
Q

What are microfilaments composed of

A

Fine strands of the protein actin

28
Q

How do actin molecules function

A

By assembling into filaments and disassembling. Very dynamic

29
Q

What are intermediate filaments composed of

A

6 main proteins which vary in different cell types. Many different types exist and are used to identify tumour origin

30
Q

What are microtubules composed of

A

2 tubulin proteins which attach to the cell membrane and each other

31
Q

What is the function of intermediate filament

A

Bind intracellular elements together and to the plasma membrane. Form a network throughout the cytoplasm

32
Q

What are the components of a microtubule

A

Hollow tubule, 2 types of subunits - alpha and beta.

33
Q

What is the function of the microtubule organising centre

A

Centromere where microtubules associate from. Includes stabilising proteins known as microtubules associated proteins (MAPS)

34
Q

What are 2 types of motor proteins

A

Dynein
Kinesin

35
Q

What is the function of microtubules

A

Important in the mitotic spindle. Serve as a motorway network for proteins.

36
Q

What is the function of kinesin

A

ATPase that moves toward the cell periphery (edge)

37
Q

What is the function of dynein

A

ATPase that moves towards the cell centre

38
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope
Chromosomes
Nucleolus

39
Q

What is the function of the nucleus

A

Contains genetic code. Site of transcription for mRNA and tRNA

40
Q

What is transcribed in the nucleolus

A

rRNA

41
Q

What is heterochromatin DNA

A

Highly condensed
not undergoing transcription

42
Q

What is DNA in euchromatin

A

dispersed
actively undergoing transcription

43
Q

What are the types of DNA in the nucleus

A

Euchromatin
Heterochromatin

44
Q

What are the main components in the structure of the ribosome

A

Made up of a small subunit which binds RNA.
Made up of a large subunit which catalyses the formation of peptide bonds

45
Q

What does the export of ribosomes depend on

A

the nuclear core complex

46
Q

Why are ribosomes important

A

Required for protein synthesis.

47
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum

A

Forms a network of interconnecting membrane-bound compartments in the cell.

48
Q

When does a cell have more endoplasmic reticulum

A

When it is more metabolically active

49
Q

What is the function of an intercellular junction

A

Link individual cells together via a specialised membrane structure

50
Q

What is an occluding junction

A

Link cells to prevent diffusion. They tie membranes together

51
Q

What is an anchoring junction

A

link submembrane actin bundles.
They do not connect directly

52
Q

What is a communicating junction (gap junction)

A

Allow selective diffusion of molecules dependant on molecular size.
Communicating junctions contain pores

53
Q

What are Desosomes

A

Link actin bundles in anchoring junctions

54
Q

Where are communicating junctions found

A

epithelia
smooth muscle
cardiac muscle where it is used for the spread of excitation

55
Q

What is a junctional complex

A

Close association of several types of junctions found in certain epithelial tissues

56
Q

What are the types of vesicular transport from outside the cell to inside

A

Endocytosis
Phagocytosis

57
Q

What are the types of material transport between cell membranes

A

Diffusion
Transport via proteins (pump or channel)
Vesicular transport

58
Q

What is endocytosis

A

Cell membrane invaginates then fuses
Endocytotic vesicle buds into cell (receptor needed)

59
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

Bacterium binds to surface receptor which activates trigger
its then engulfed forming a phagosome. Phagosome binds to lysosome forming phagolysosome

60
Q

When does phagocytosis occur

A

when transporting larger material or bacteria

FoM (38 decks)

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