Humoral Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What do B cells need to become active

A

Antigen binding
helping signals

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2
Q

What happens after a B cell becomes fully activated

A

Clonal expansion
differentiation into plasma cells

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3
Q

What is the function of plasma cells

A

make and secret antibodies which circulate and bind to antigens on pathogenic cells

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4
Q

Which type of antibodies is first secreted by short-lived plasma cells

A

IgM
low affinity

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5
Q

Which antibodies are high affinity

A

IgG

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6
Q

How do B plasma cells switch from producing low affinity to high affinity antibodies

A

variable region mutates for better fit

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7
Q

what do B cells differentiate into after producing high affinity antibodies

A

Long lived Plasma cells
Long lived memory B cells

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8
Q

How do B cells become fully activated

A

opsonised antigen internalised by B
Protein antigen broken down
Peptide expressed as MHC 2 on B cell
TFH expresses receptor which binds to peptide

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9
Q

What are the 2 functions of antibodies

A

recognition function
effector function

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10
Q

How does the recognition antibody function aid the immune system

A

bind to antigen
stops function of antigen
viruses can no longer infect cells

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11
Q

What form of IgM serves as the B cell antigen receptor

A

membrane bound monomeric

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12
Q

what form of IgM is secreted during the humeral immune response

A

secreted
pentameric

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13
Q

Why is IgM secreted in pentameric form

A

contains 10 antigen binding sites

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14
Q

What is agglutination

A

build up of cross linked antibodies and antigens producing a clump

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15
Q

How does agglutination aid in pathogen elimination

A

holds pathogens in place for engulfing
prevents viruses from binding/infecting host cells

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16
Q

What type of antibody is most abundant in normal human serum

A

IgG

17
Q

what are the functions of IgG

A

agglutination
complement system activation
foetal immune protection
opsonisation
natural killer cell activation

18
Q

How are foetus’ protected from pathogen without a developed immune system

A

antibodies transported across the placenta directly into foetal blood circulation

19
Q

Why is a baby’s immune system most vulnerable at 6 months

A

maternal IgG antibodies degrade
baby not fully producing own yet

20
Q

Which antibodies contain the mechanism for neutralisation

A

IgG
Secretary IgA

21
Q

Why are IgG antibodies effective opsonins

A

Phagocytes express an FC receptor that binds to the constant region of the IgG heavy chain

22
Q

What is the function of membrane bound monomeric IgD

A

B cell antigen receptor
Mediates B cell activation

23
Q

How is the GI Tract of neonates protected

A

sIgA antibodies are transported via breastmilk

24
Q

what is the mast cell activated by

A

IgE heavy chain
causes degranulation