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FoM > Innate immunity > Flashcards

Innate immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What does the immune system identify and eliminate

A

microorganisms
cancer cells

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2
Q

What does the immune system identify in order to activate?

A

danger signals
‘non-self’ molecules

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3
Q

What are the factors of the innate immune response

A

natural/physical barriers
immune cells

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4
Q

What are the soluble factors of the innate immune response

A

cytokines
inflammatory mediators
complement proteins

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5
Q

What cells are part of the innate immune response

A

macrophages
mast cells
natural killer cells
neutrophils

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6
Q

What soluble factors are part of the acquired immune response

A

cytokines
antibodies

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7
Q

what cells are part of the acquired immune response

A

B cells
T cells

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8
Q

What are the points of entry for pathogens

A

digestive system
respiratory system
urogenital system
skin damage

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9
Q

What are the types of barriers in the immune response

A

physical
secretions - mucous
expelling through sneezing
unfavourable pH
enzymes
comensal bacteria

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10
Q

What is the timescale for an innate immune response

A

rapid (mins-hours)

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11
Q

What is the timescale for an acquired immune response

A

slow - days

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12
Q

What are the key qualities of innate immunity

A

continuous
from birth
generic response to many species

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13
Q

what are the key qualities of acquired immunity

A

induced by presence of foreign materials
unique response to individual pathogens

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14
Q

What are the key differences between innate and acquired immunity

A

lag time
immunological memory
specific/generic
self regulated

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15
Q

What are the types of phagocytic cells

A

macrophages
dendritic cells

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16
Q

What are PAMPS

A

pathogen associated molecular patterns
not found in/on human cells

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17
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

intact particles (bacteria) are internalised whole

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18
Q

How is phagocytosis facilitated

A

opsonisation

19
Q

What are PRRs

A

pathogen recognition receptors expressed by macrophages

20
Q

What occurs after fusion occurs to form a phagolysosome and its contents are degraded

A

debris is released
peptides from pathogens are expressed on cell surface receptors
pro-inflammatory mediators are released

21
Q

What is opsonisation

A

bacterium is coated in opsonins which bind to receptor on phagosome causing it to be engulfed

22
Q

what are examples of opsonins in innate immunity

A

C3b
C-reactive protein (CRP)

23
Q

What cell type kills cells too large to be engulfed

A

mast cells

24
Q

What do mast cells contain in their granules

A

anti-microbial substances
inflammatory substances

25
Q

What is the con of degranulation of a mast cell

A

can damage by standing tissues

26
Q

What is an example of a pro-inflammatory cytokine

A

TNF-alpha

27
Q

What are the signs of acute inflammation caused by TNFa

A

dilation of blood vessels
increased permeability of post-capillary venules
stimulated nerve ending

28
Q

What does inflammation promote

A

vascular changes
recruitment/activation of neutrophils

29
Q

how are neutrophils attracted to the site of inflammation

A

chemicals produced by bacteria

30
Q

What are the 3 killing methods of neutrophils

A

phagocytosis
degranulation
NET’s (vomit)

31
Q

How are internalised pathogens killed

A

phagolysosomal killing
ROS-dependent

32
Q

How does phagolysosomal killing occur

A

phagosome fuses with azurophillic and specific granules
pH is raised

33
Q

How does ROS-dependant killing mechanism work

A

Toxic reactive-oxygen-species is released into the phagolysome

34
Q

How does degranulation kill bacteria

A

Release of anti-bacterial proteins from neutrophil granules

35
Q

What method is used to kill extra-cellar pathogens

A

degranulation

36
Q

How does Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) kill bacteria

A

Sticky web of proteins and genetic info
traps pathogens to be engulfed by another cell

37
Q

Which cell type is best for wound healing and anti-inflammation

A

macrophages

38
Q

which phagocytic cell is the best for antigen presentation

A

dendritic

39
Q

What are the clinical features of acute inflammation

A

fever
increased synthesis of acute phase proteins
increased synthesis of neutrophils

40
Q

Where are acute phase proteins produced

A

liver hepatocytes

41
Q

What are the compliment system proteins

A

C3
MBL

42
Q

what cytokine is produced by virally infected cells

A

interferons

43
Q

what results from the binding of interferons

A

destroy RNA
reduce protein synthesis in cell
induce apoptosis
activate natural killer cells

44
Q

How do natural killers cell know which cell to kill

A

Inhibitory receptor scans cell for MHC 1 which cancer cells/infected cells do not express

FoM (38 decks)

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