Introduction To Bones Flashcards
What is the process of endochondral ossification
Initial hyaline cartilage version grows into bone
Where is the epiphysis found
At each end of the bone
Where is the epiphyseal growth plate found
Inbetween the epiphysis and metaphysis at each end of the bone
Where is the diaphysis found
Found inbetween the 2 ends of the bone
When does bone growth stop
When the growth plate of hyalin cartilage ossifies
What are the properties of the outer cortex of the bone
Dense, strong
Compact (cortical bone)
Thin outer layer
What are the components of the inner medulla of the bone
More porous
Weaker and lighter
Spongy - trabecullar bone
Where can bone marrow be found
In the medulla
What are the 2 types of bone marrow
Fatty bone marrow
Red bone marrow
Sometimes exist in combination
What is the periosteum
Fibrous connective tissue sleeve around bone
Vascularised
Why are tears in the periosteum painful
Well inervated
How do bony features develop
During bone growth
If adjacent structure applies force/is developing at same time
What are the 3 types of fossae
Anterior cranial
Middle cranial
Posterior cranial
What are foraminae
A hole for cranial nerves and blood vessels to pass into/out of the cranial cavity
How do fractures heal
Callus of new bone surrounds fracture line (collagen collar)
Remodelling of callus
How are the 33 vertebrae split
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
4 coccygeal - fuse to 1 coccyx
Why do vertebrae become larger the more inferior they become
To bear more weight
Why do vertebrae become smaller again at the coccyx
Weight bearing is transferred to hip bones
Why does spine curvature occur
As spine starts to weight bear forms primary and secondary curvature
What are the components of a vertebra
Spinous process
Inferior articular process x2
Superior articular process x2
Transverse processes x2
Vertebral arch
Vertebral foramen
What are intervertebral foraminae
Form between adjacent vertebrae
Spinal nerves emerge between them
Where does the facet joint form
Between articular processes of 2 adjacent vertebrae
What are the unique features of C1
No body
No spinous process
Posterior arch
Anterior arch
What are the unique features of C2
Odontoid process which projects superiorly from body
What are the unique components of C7
Vertebrae prominens
What are the bones of appendicular skeleton
The pectoral girdle
The pelvic girdle
What bones does the pectoral girdle consist of
2 scapulae
2 clavicles
What bones does the pelvic girdle consist of
2 hip bones
Sacrum
What is the long bone of the arm called
Humerous
What are the 2 long bones of the forearm known as
Radius (lateral)
Ulna (medial)
What are the bones of the hand
Carpal bones (wrist)
Metacarpals (palm/knuckle)
Phalanges
What are the 2 long bones of the leg
Tibia
Fibula
What are the bones of the foot
Tarsal bones (midfoot)
Metatarsals - forefoot
Phalanges
Where is cartilage located
Where mobility is required at articulations
