Urino-genital Anatomy - Female Flashcards
What does the word excretion mean?
A substance has been absorbed into the blood before leaving the body
What are the functions of the kidney?
regulate fluid/electrolyte balance Produce hormones Excrete waste Gluconeogensis Acid/base balance
The kidney can be lobated, but isn’t in a dog. Where is the kidney found?
Below 13th rib, dorsal
Retro-peritoneal
What hormones does the kidney produce?
Erythropoetin
Renin
Calcitrol
Which kidney is more cranial than the other?
Right
The bladder is made up of what parts?
Apex (cranial)
Body (caudal)
Neck (caudal - continuous with urethra)
What is the trigone of the bladder?
Triangle where the ureters enter and where the urethra leaves the bladder
When empty the bladder is tucked away. When full, where does it extend up to?
Umbilicus
Which ligaments attached the bladder to the ventral abdominal wall?
Median ligament
Which ligament attaches the bladder to the pelvic wall?
Lateral ligament
What are the gonads in a female?
Ovaries (including ovarian burns and Fallopian tubes)
What is the uterus made up of?
Uterine body
Uterine horns (where the Fallopian tubes meet the body)
Cervix
What is below the cervix?
Vagina
Then vestibule
Where are the ovaries located?
Level of 13th rib dorsally, level of umbilicus centrally
How can you tell the difference between an active and an inactive uterus?
Inactive - smooth muscle
Active- knobbly with corpora lutes and follicles
The ovarian end is funnel shaped and catches eggs. What is this called?
Infundibulum
What are the 4 attachments of the ovaries?
Mesovarium (ovarian ligament)
Mesosalpinx
Suspensory ligament
Proper ligament
What is the mesovarium?
Ovarian ligament
Contains ovarian artery/vein
Needs ligating in spay
Continuous with mesometrium (broad ligament)
What is the mesosalpinx?
Attachment of ovary to Fallopian tube
What is the suspensory ligament?
Short attachment to ovaries, needs breaking during spay
What is the proper ligament?
Attachment between ovaries and uterine horn
What is the ovarian bursa? What is an issue with this during a bitch spay?
Pocket of peritoneum which encloses the ovaries
Obscured by fat - complex
What is the difference between a hysterectomy and ovario-hysterectomy?
Hysterectomy - just remove uterus
Ovarian - also remove ovaries
Why does the uterus need removing during a spay but not the cervix?
Cervix is not hormone responsive, unlike the uterus
What is the mesometrium?
‘Broad ligament’
Attaches uterus to lateral body wall
What is the round ligament of the uterus?
Foetal remnant of gubernaculum
Within the broad ligament
What is different about the bitch cervix that makes it visibly distinguishable from the uterus body?
Cervix is muscular
What is found between the vagina and vestibule? Where are these structures found?
Hymen
Within pelvic canal
What is the vestibule bounded by?
Labia of vulva
What it is the urethral tubercle?
Midline ridge on the external urethral opening
(Fossas either side)0
What is the glans clitoris? Where is it found?
Blind ending
Concealed in a deep fossa under a fold of mucous membrane
What is the blood supply to the ovaries?
Ovarian/artery and vein
Arterioles our complex
Anastomoses with urine artery and vein
What branches to supply the vestibule with blood supply?
Vaginal artery and vein
How many pairs of mammary glands are there? Where are they located? What is each pair associated with?
5 - 2 thoracic, 2 abdominal, 1 inguinal
Each associated with a papilla (teat)
In the inguinal region, what is the pair of mammary glands surrounded by?
Extensive adipose tissue
What is the blood supply to the mammary glands?
Cranial & caudal superficial epigastric
What is the lymph drainage from the mammary glands?
3 cranial pairs by axillary lymph vessel
2 pairs via inguinal lymph vessel
What is the perineum?
Area beneath the tail and around the anus
What is the pelvic diaphragm? Which 5 muscles form it?
Where the urino-genital system meets the outside world
Levator ani, coccygeus, rectococcygeus, internal & external anal sphincter, internal obturator
What it is the difference in muscle types between the internal and external anal sphincter?
Internal - smooth muscle
External - striated
weakening of the pelvic diaphragm leads to what?
Perineal hernia
Protruding ab contents
