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1st Year Veterinary Cards - Semester 2 > End Overview Of GI > Flashcards

End Overview Of GI Flashcards

1
Q

Which domestic species is most prone to peritonitis? Why?

A

Horses

Due to small greater omentum

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2
Q

What is mastication?

A

Chewing

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3
Q

What is digestion?

A

The chemical breakdown of food by enzymes

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4
Q

What is absorption?

The GI system uses selective absorption. What type of proteins are used to do this?

A

The movement of a molecule from one place to another.

Specific transporter proteins

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5
Q

What is excretion?

A

The expelling of waste matter that has entered the blood stream

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6
Q

What is egestion?

A

The expelling of a waste product that has never been absorbed in the blood stream

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7
Q

What is regurgitation?

A

The passage of a material from the stomach into the mouth (passive) by smooth muscle contraction

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8
Q

What is vomitting?

A

The active passage of material from the stomach into the mouth

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9
Q

What groups make up food?

A

Protein, hCHO, non hCHO, fat.

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10
Q

Why do we need food?

A

For energy and amino acids

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11
Q

Why do we need amino acids?

A

For proteins: hormones, enzymes etc.

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12
Q

Hydrolysable CHO can be referred to as what? What bonds does this contain?

A

Starch

Alpha glycosidic bonds

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13
Q

Non hydrolysable CHO can be referred to as what? What bonds make up this?

A

Fibre

Beta glycosidic bonds

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14
Q

What happens to excess protein in the diet?

A

It is used for gluconeogenesis

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15
Q

What happens to excess glucose in the diet?

A

It is stored primarily as glycogen, then as fat

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16
Q

What is amylose?

A

Coiled polysaccharide of a glucose. Broken down by hydrolysis with amylase.

17
Q

Where is amylase found in herbivores and omnivores?

A

In saliva and in the stomach

18
Q

Where is amylase found in carnivores

A

Stomach only. Little starch in diet, not needed in saliva.

19
Q

What is the pH of the mouth, stomach and SI?

A

Just below neutral (slightly acidic)
2
Just above neutral (slightly alkaline)

20
Q

Where is acid produced?

A

Stomach

Omasum in ruminants

21
Q

What is the purpose of stomach acid?

A

Destroy pathogens

22
Q

What protects the GI from stomach acid?

A

Diaphragm

23
Q

Which glands in the duodenum secrete alkaline mucus to neutralise stomach acid?

A

Brunner’s glands

24
Q

What is the name of blood in faeces that has been digested? (Black, tarry stools. Shows problem with upper GI tract, e.g. stomach ulcers)

A

Melena

25
Q

What is the word for ‘vomitting blood’?

A

Haematemesis

26
Q

What is the word when bright red blood is present in stools? (Shows problem in lower GI tract, blood not digested)

A

Haematochezia

27
Q

What is the alkaline tide? Why does this happen?

A

An increase in blood pH after eating
Increase of HCL made by parietal cells
Parietal cells secrete HCO3- across their basolateral membrane into the blood

28
Q

On average, what is the total volume of secretion for a human?

A

10-12 litres

29
Q

Animals secrete much more liquid than they take in. How do they compensate for that

A

Lots of reabsorption in the gut

30
Q

What is the breakdown of fibre by microbes called?

A

Fermentation

All species ferment, but to different degrees

31
Q

Why is foregut fermentation more effective than hind gut fermentation?

A

Amylolytic fermentation is very slow

Foregut fermenters can digest the microbes used for fermentation

32
Q

What is diarrhoea caused by?

A

An increased fluid uptake in the gut

E.g. cholera, water fails to be reabsorbed.

33
Q

What can cause diarrhoea and why?

A

Rapid change of diet

Enterocytes can’t regulate digestive enzymes and transporter proteins

34
Q

What is laminitis? What causes this?

A

Inflammation of the laminae

Too much intake of hCHO, leads to a hormone imbalance

35
Q

How can laminitis be reduced?

A

Avoid spring grass, as this contains more hCHO than grass does in other seasons

1st Year Veterinary Cards - Semester 2 (63 decks)

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