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1st Year Veterinary Cards - Semester 2 > Pharmocology > Flashcards

Pharmocology Flashcards

1
Q

What is pharmacology?

A

The study of drug action on animals, organs, tissues and cells

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2
Q

What is the difference between a drug and a toxin?

A

Nothing except the dose

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3
Q

What does endogenous mean?

A

Within the body

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4
Q

How do drugs work?

A

Mimic/blocking endogenous molecules

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5
Q

What is a pharmacon/ligand?

A

A biologically active substance (drug)

Can be hormone (water soluble), cytokines (small peptides), growth factors, neurotransmitters, pheromones

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6
Q

Exogenous derived pharmacons are usually what type of molecules?

A

Organic and cyclic

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7
Q

Drugs can have specific effects related to their chemical structure. How do these drugs work?

A

Bind to specific targets

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8
Q

What are examples of drugs that have non-specific effects (related to their physiochemical characteristics)?

A

Antacids
Laxatives
Purgatives
Diuretics

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9
Q

What are the 4 main targets for pharmacons?

A

RECEPTORS
Enzymes
Ion channels
MRNA/DNA

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10
Q

What is affinity?

A

Overall strength of binding

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11
Q

What is specifity?

A

The geometry, how specific

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12
Q

What is the Structure Activity Relationship?

A

Study of the structure of a molecule and how well that relates to its activity
(Want to optimise both)

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13
Q

When trying to create a drug for a disease, what is the order of events?

A

Identify disease
Identify target
Synthesise selective and small ligands
Assess function

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14
Q

What is the LD50?

A

Lowest dose that kills 50% of animals

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15
Q

What is the therapeutic index?

A

The ratio of the lowest effective dose: lowest fatal dose

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16
Q

Anaesthetics are very dangerous, does this mean they have a low or high therapeutic index?

A

Low

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17
Q

What is pharmokinetics?

A

The mechanism of drug action

18
Q

What is the mechanism of drug action? MADE

A

Metabolism
Absorption
Distribution
Elimination

19
Q

What are most receptors?

A

Cell surface proteins

20
Q

What is an agonist drug?

A

A drug which binds to and has an effect on a receptor (conformational change)

21
Q

What is an antagonist drug?

A

Drug which prevents an effect (conformational change) on a receptor

22
Q

What is an example of an agonist drug?

A

Histamine

Causes the release of gastric acid

23
Q

What is an example of an antagonist drug?

A

Ranitidine
Blocks histamine receptors
Prevents gastric acid secretion

24
Q

What is an opioid?

A

Drug with morphine like effects

25
Q

What is the difference between an opiate and an opioid?

A

Opiates are natural

Opioid is natural and synthetic

26
Q

What is the Law of Mass Action?

A

The more drug there is, the more binding there is (up until saturation)

27
Q

What is affinity?

A

How well a molecule binds

28
Q

What is efficacy?

A

How well a molecule does seething

29
Q

What levels of affinity and efficacy do agonists have? What about antagonists?

A

High affinity, high efficacy

High affinity, low efficacy

30
Q

Why are log scales used to compare drugs?

A

Easier to interpret

31
Q

How do agonist drugs work? (3 steps)

A

Reception (& conformational change)
Transduction
Response

32
Q

What is the cascade effect?

A

A receptor activates something which activates another - ends up with large amount affected

33
Q

What is a metabotropic receptor?

A

Membrane receptor which acts via the second messenger model

34
Q

What is an example of a metabotropic receptor?

A

G protein coupled receptor

35
Q

What are G protein coupled receptors?

A

Single polypeptide, work by second messenger model and inhibiting ion channels

36
Q

G protein coupled receptors are mainly to do with which sense?

A

Olfaction

37
Q

What are G protein activated enzymes? Give examples

A

Enzymes acted upon by G proteins

E.g. cAMP, cGMP

38
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms to switch a protein on?

A

Phosphorylation

GTP binding to G proteins

39
Q

What are G proteins?

A

Proteins acting as an on/off switch
Switched on by the binding of GTP
Switched off by the binding of GDP

40
Q

What causes the airways to constrict in asthma? How is this treated?

A

Bronchospasms

Noradrenaline

41
Q

Adrenoreceptors can be B1, B2. What does B1 receptor do?

A

Increase heart rate and contractility

42
Q

What do B2 adrenoreceptors do?

A

Cause vasodilation

1st Year Veterinary Cards - Semester 2 (63 decks)

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