Hindlimb Flashcards
The sacrum is not part of the hindlimb, but attaches to the pelvis at which joint? What type of joint is this? What does it do?
Sacroiliac
Fused, fibrous
Transmits force during locomotion
Where is the gluteal region?
Around the hip
Where is the thigh region?
From hip to stifle
Where is the crus region?
From stifle to hock
Where is the pes region?
From the tarsus down
The pelvis is a flat bone, composed of which 4 bones? Does it have a medullary cavity? What is the centre of the pelvis like?
Ischium, ileum, pubis, acetabulum
No medullary cavity
Spongy (called diploe)
Acetabulum articulates with the femur. Which ligament supports this articulation?
Round/Teres/femoral ligament
The acetabular notch is filled by which ligament?
Transverse ligament
What is the hole in the head of the femur called?
Fovea capitas
What passes through the obturator foramen?
Blood vessels
Nerves (obturator nerve)
What is different between the cat pelvis and dog pelvis?
Cat has parallel wings of ileum
Oval obturator foramen
No sacrotuberous ligament
What is the concavity called on the cranial aspect of the pelvis? What is it filled with?
Pecten
Prepubic tendon
How many ossification centres are in each half of the pelvis?
4
1 in each bone
Both halves fuse together before birth
Describe the proximal part of the femur
Head (fovea capitas)
Neck
Greater trochanter (lateral)
Lesser trochanter (medial)
Describe the distal part of the femur
2 condyles
2 fabellae, 1 patella, 1 popliteal
Trochlear ridges and trocheal groove
The patella is found in which tendon and what does it continue as?
Quadriceps tendon
Patella ligamnent
How many ossification centres are there in the femur and what are they?
4
Head, greater trochanter, neck, distal epiphysis
What is the difference between the cat and dog femur?
Cat has smaller greater trochanter and larger lesser trochanter
Don’t always have popliteal or lateral fabellae
Medial fabellae not ossified - can’t see on radiograph
What type of joint is a hip joint? Why is this slightly different?
Synovial
No collateral ligaments
What are some clinical issues with the hip?
Luxation
Subluxation in small dogs
What are the palpable features of the proximal hindlimb?
Tuber sacral, tuber coxae, tuber ischium, wing of ilium
Greater trochanter
Which muscles are abductors of the forelimb?
Gluteals
What are the adductor of the hindlimb?
GAPE Gracilis Pectineus External obturator Adductor
Which muscles are the limb protractors/hip flexors?
Iliposoas
Sartorius
Rectus femoris (quads)
Tensor fascia latae
Which muscles are the limb retractors/hip extensor?
Semimembranosus
Semitendonosus
Biceps femoris
Which muscles are the stifle flexors?
Biceps femoris
Semitendonosus
Semimembranosus
Gastrocnemius
Which muscles are stifle extensor?
Sartorius
Rectus femoris
What makes up the femoral triangle?
Sartorius
Pectineus
Femoral neurovascular bundle (VAN)
Describe the proximal half of the tibia
Condyles, tibial tuberosity, intercondylar eminence
Describe the distal end of the tibia
Cochlea
Medial malleolus
How many ossification centres are their in the tibia?
4 - proximal, body, distal, tibial tuberosity
How many ossification centres are there in the fibula?
3
Which malleolus is found in the fibula?
Lateral
What is the meniscus?
C shaped, wedge like cartilage found in stifle joint
What is the function of the meniscus?
Stabilise stifle
Cushion
Proprioception - contains nerve endings
What ligaments are found in the stifle joint?
transverse, meniscofemoral, meniscotibial, collateral, crucial
What do the cruciate ligaments do? What are the 2 parts called?
Provide stability
Prevent rotation
Cranial, caudal
What is different about the cat patella?
It is pointed
Name the tarsal bones from proximal to distal row
Proximal - talus, calcaneus
Middle - central, 4th
Distal - 1st, 2nd, 3rd
What is the surface of the tarsus called? What does it do?
Trochlea
Articulates with tibia, allows slight rotation
Does the calcaneous articulate with the tibia/fibula? What is the tuberosity on it called? How many ossification centres?
No
Tuber calcanei
2
What ligaments/structures are found in the tarsus/hock?
Collateral ligaments
Plantar ligament
Retinaculum
Fibrocartilage
Does the pes have a stopper pad?
No
Is a dew claw found in the HL?
Can be in dogs, less common than FL
Absent in cat
What is the name of the Achilles’ tendon? Where does it insert/
Common calcanean tendon
Calcaneus
Which lymph node in the hindlimb is used during meat inspection to check for illness? WHere is this?
Popliteal
behind stifle
What is the blood supply to the hL?
External iliac artery (branches off aorta)
Becomes femoral artery (branches to give saphenous artery for supperficial paw blood)
Becomes popliteal artery
Then tibial artery
What are the hock flexor muscles?
Long fibular Short fibular Third fibular (not cats/dogs) long digital extensor Lateral digital extensor
Which muscles are the hock extensor?
Superficial digital flexor
Deep digital flexor
