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1st Year Veterinary Cards - Semester 2 > Liver > Flashcards

Liver Flashcards

1
Q

What is the liver surrounded by a capsule of

A

Connective tissue

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2
Q

The connective tissue surrounding the liver extends into it as highly branched septae. These septae outline what? What shape are they?

A

Hepatic lobules

Hexagonal

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3
Q

What is found between hepatic lobules?

A

Portal triads - hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, bile duct
Hepatic acini - functional units

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4
Q

What do hepatocytes do?

A

Absorb molecules from Space of Disse

Secrete bile into bile canalicus (collecting ducts)

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5
Q

Describe the pathway of bile from from hepatocytes

A 
Hepatocytes secrete bile into bile canaliculus
Flows into ductules
Flows into ducts
Flows into common bile duct
Enters duodenum at Sphincter of oddi
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6
Q

How does bile move between the gall bladder and bile duct? (Via which duct?)

A

Cystic duct

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7
Q

Most of blood entering the liver is from which vessel? Some of blood is from which vessel? What happens to this blood?

A

Most from hepatic portal vein
Some from hepatic artery
Mixes as they flow into sinusoids

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8
Q

what endothelium have sinusoids got? What are they surrounded by?

A

Fenestrated

Macrophages

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9
Q

Describe the blood flow away from the liver

A

Sinusoids empty into central veins
Central veins joint to form hepatic veins
Hepatic vein enters into caudal VC

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10
Q

How does the liver deal with toxic/harmful compounds? WHich coenzyme is involved?

A

Detoxifies them into less toxic compounds

Degrades them via coenzyme cytochrome P450

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11
Q

Describe the degradation of red blood cells and what haem is converted to

A

RBCs removed from blood by macrophages in spleen and liver
Degraded to yield haem from haemoglobin
Haem converted to biliverdin, then bilirubin and bound to albumin

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12
Q

What happens to bilirubin before it is excreted into bile?

A

It is conjugated with glucoronic acid

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13
Q

What are the names of two bile ligaments? How are they produced?

A

Biliverdin
Bilirubin
Conversion from haem, removed from haemoglobin

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14
Q

How are bile pigments excreted?

A

Bile bacteria remove glucoronic acid from bilirubin and metabolise stercobilin- gives faces brown colour

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15
Q

What are the functions of bile?

A

Produce micelles for lipid absorption
Promote hydrolysis of lipases
Exit route for waste products and drugs

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16
Q

What is the composition of bile?

A 
Water
HCO3
Bile pigaments
Bile acid
Cholesterol 
Phospholipids
17
Q

Where is bile stored? Which animals do not have this? Do they have a sphincter of oddi?

A

Gall bladder
Not horses
Yes but inactive - continuous bile flow

18
Q

Where does the gall bladder empty vile into? Via which structure, and what controls this?

A

Duodenum
Major duodenal papilla
Sphincter of Oddi

19
Q

What are the 2 major bile acids synthesised from cholesterol in the liver? Are they lipophobic or hydrophobic?

A

Cholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic acid
Hydrophobic

20
Q

How are bile acids made water soluble?

A

Conjugation with glycine or taurine

21
Q

How are secondary bile acids produce? Where does this take place

A

Primary bile acids metabolised by bacteria to form secondary bile acids
Terminal ileum

22
Q

What is enterohepatic circulation? How does this happen?

A

Recycling of bile acids
Absorbed from terminal ileum via AT
Returned back to liver via hepatic portal vein and absorbed from bloodstream by NTCP

23
Q

Which nervous system is responsible for bile secretion? Which nerve?

A

Parasympathetic

Vagus nerve

24
Q

Which hormones/substances regulate bile secretion?

A

CCK
Secretin
Bile salts returning from enterohepatic circulation

25
Q

Bile secretion is decreased in between meals. Explain how the gall bladder does this

A

Gall bladder relaxes
Contract Sphincter of Oddi
Decreased enterohepatic circulation
Bile is stored

26
Q

What does the hormone CCK do? Which hormone inhibits CCK secretion?

A

Released into duodenum in response to H+
Secretes HCO3-
VIP

27
Q

What does the hormone secretin do?

A

Increase enzyme secretion and gall bladder contractions

Released into duodenum in response to fat/protein metabolites

28
Q

Some hepatic dysfunctions are reversible. What might cause these problems?

A

Infection
Poisoning - acute or chronic
Tumours

29
Q

What might hepatic diseases affect in the liver function?

A

Metabolic functions
Detoxificaiton
enterohepatic circulation

30
Q

What are the clinical signs of hepatic problems?

A 
Depression
Decreased appetite
Lethargy
Vomiting/diarrhoea
Polydypsia/polyuria
Hepatomegaly or microhepatica
Jaundice
Bleeding
31
Q

jaundice makes the skin appear yellow. What molecule increase causes this?

A

Increased levels of bilirubin

32
Q

What is cholestasis?

A

Reduction/stop of bile flow

33
Q

What is Porto-systemic shunts? Why might this happen

A

Blood flow bypasses liver

Congenital or acquired (hypertension)

1st Year Veterinary Cards - Semester 2 (63 decks)

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