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1st Year Veterinary Cards - Semester 2 > Intestines > Flashcards

Intestines Flashcards

1
Q

What processes take place in the small intestine?

A

Digestion

Absorption - by secondary active transport and diffusion

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2
Q

What are the 2 phases of intestinal digestion?

A

Luminal - enzymes and bile salts within the lumen

Membranous - enzymes on surface of intestinal cells

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3
Q

What are the 4 layers of the intestines/

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscular
Serosa

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4
Q

What cells are found in the epithelium of the SI?

A

Goblet cells
Enteroendocrine cells
Paneth cells
Enterocytes

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5
Q

What do goblet cells do?

A

Produce mucous for lubrication and protection

Secrete HCO3

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6
Q

What do enteroendocrine cells do?

A

Control digestion via hormones

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7
Q

What do paneth cells do?

A

Defence against microbes

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8
Q

What do enterocytes do? What is a key feature to them? What type of digestion phase is this and why?

A

Absorb products via transporter proteins
Microvilli
Membranous - luminal enzymes would be absorbed

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9
Q

What is distension?

A

The accumulation of gas or fluid in the abdomen

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10
Q

What is the gastro-ideal relflex?

A

Motility increases after feeding

Ileo-colic sphincter relaxes to allow SI contents to LI

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11
Q

What motility is found in the SI?

A

Segmental and peristaltic

At end of SI - no segmental, peristaltic only

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12
Q

What is the migrating myo-electric complex?

A

When a contraction reaches the ileum, a new one begins in the duodenum

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13
Q

Which neurotransmitter contracts and inhibits smooth muscle?

A

Contracts and inhibits smooth muscle

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14
Q

What happens to longitudinal and circular muscle behind chyme?

A

Longitudinal relaxes

Circular contracts

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15
Q

Which cells are the pacemaker cells? Where are they? Which NS innervates them?

A

Interstitial Cajal cells
Stomach
Enteric NS

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16
Q

Which bonds are indigestible by mammalian enzymes, so go onto microbial fermentation in the LI?

A

Beta glycosidic bonds

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17
Q

Describe the absorption and digestion speed of maltose, which one is the limiting factor?

A

Fast digestion

Slow absorption - limiting factor

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18
Q

Describe the digestion and absorption of lactose, which is the limiting factor?

A

Slow digestion - limiting factor

Fast absorption

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19
Q

Which enzyme do ruminants have none of?

A

Sucrase

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20
Q

Describe the Maltase and lactase levels in neonates and adults

A

High maltase adults, little lactase

High lactase neonate, little maltase

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21
Q

Which transporter transports glucose and galactose in the SI? Is this active or passive? Symport or antiport?

A

Na/glucose cotransporter = SGLT1
Active - secondary AT
Symport

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22
Q

How is fructose absorbed in the SI?

A

Facilitated diffusion via GLUT5

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23
Q

What happens to carbohydrates in the bloodstream?

A

Go to liver via hepatic portal vein and stored as glycogen

Or continue circulation

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24
Q

Carnivores have high CHO. Therefore lots of which transporter?

A

SGLT1

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25
Q

Describe the presence of SGLT1 throughout rumen development

A

High before rumen develops

Once developed, almost negligible

26
Q

If there is lactose in the SI and no lactase, what happens?

A

Osmotic force decreases water absorption in the LI

Diarrhoea

27
Q

How are proteins absorbed and by which transporter?

A

Di or tri peptides

H+ cotransporter

28
Q

What is the main source of protein for ruminants?

A

Their own microflora

29
Q

In the large intestine, what does lactic acid cause?

A

Drop in pH
Upsets microbial balance, gas and distension
Lactate is poorly absorbed - diarrhoea

30
Q

What is the final stage of carbohydrate absorption? What size molecules are absorbed? How many enzymes are required?

A

membranous phase
monosaccharides only
Few enzymes - only few monosaccharides

31
Q

What is the final stage of protein absorption? What size molecules are absorbed? How many enzymes are needed and why?

A

Luminal phase
Mono/Di/tri peptides
Many - 20 amino acids

32
Q

What are the similarities between carbohydrate and protein digestion?

A

Both transport via secondary active transport
Both use cotransporter s
Both require sodium gradient

33
Q

If a neonate absorbs an intact protein, what does it stimulate?

A

Immune response

34
Q

Which animals need colostrum as they do not get antibodies through the placenta?

A

Pigs, horses, ruminants

35
Q

What enables neonates to absorb antibodies from colostrum?

A

Epithelial cells in SI are permeable to intact proteins
Stomach produces less HCl
Fewer pancreatic enzymes
Trypsin inhibitor

36
Q

Which type of animals have high and low fat diets?

A

Carnivores high, herbivores low

37
Q

What is the main source of fats?

A

triglycerides

38
Q

Where are lipase concentrations high and low?

A

Low in mouth/ stomach

High in pancreas

39
Q

How are fats digested and absorbed

A

Liver produces bile - emulsifiers fats and forms aggregates called micelles
Micelles absorb monoglycerides and fatty acids, return through microvilli to lumen and repeat

40
Q

Where do monoglycerides and fats re-esterify?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

41
Q

what are the two routes for water absorption?

A

Paracellular - via tight junctions

Transcellular - via cell membranes - luminal membranes contain aquaporins for osmosis

42
Q

Most water is reabsorbed from digestive secretions in which part of the intestine? Except which animal?

A

SI

Horse - LI

43
Q

Why is sodium an important mineral in the intestines?

A

Provides energy for secondary active transport

44
Q

How are sodium and chlorine absorbed?

A

Diffusion

Cotransporter

45
Q

Why is it important HCO3 is reabsorbed

A

To prevent metabolic acidosis

46
Q

Phosphate is absorbed as which molecule? What does it act as?

A

HPO4, 2-

Rumen buffer

47
Q

Which iron molecule is poorly absorbed? How is it absorbed instead?

A

Fe3+

Fe2+ by cotransporter

48
Q

What are the functions of the LI?

A

Microbial fermentation, absorption of water and ions

49
Q

Horses are what kind of fermenter? What do they also use the LI as?

A

Hindgut

Energy source

50
Q

are there digestive enzymes in the LI?

A

No- microbes only

51
Q

What are the products of microbial fermentation

A

VFAs - acetate, propionate, butyrate

52
Q

What type of motility takes place in the SI?

A

Mass movement only

53
Q

What molecules are absorbed in the LI?

A

VFAs
Cl
Na
water

54
Q

What hormone increases sodium absorption in the LI?

A

Aldosterone

55
Q

Nearly all water in the LI is reabsorbed. Why does diarrhoea occur?

A

Stress/nutrition overload/infection

Increased water content causes distension and decreases motility, leading to less water absorption

56
Q

What is the treatment options for diarrhoea?

A

IV - maintain BP, restore ions, HCO3 to counteract metabolic acidosis.
Oral rehydration - containing NaCl to increase osmotic gradient between lumen and blood

57
Q

Stress can cause diarrhoea by the strong activation of which nervous system?

A

Parasympathetic

58
Q

What is constipation? What is the treatment?

A

Abnormal accumulation of material in the gut
Dry food expands GI tract
Fluids, paraffin oil (lube), enemas

59
Q

Describe the process of defaecation

A

Terminal colon and rectum contract
Inner anal sphincter muscle (autonomic) relaxes
Outer anal sphincter muscle relaxes
Abdominal muscles help mass evacuation

60
Q

What type of smooth muscle is the inner and outer anal sphincter

A

Inner - smooth

Outer - striated

61
Q

Which animals do not have conscious control of their outer anal sphincter

A

Horses

Ruminants

1st Year Veterinary Cards - Semester 2 (63 decks)

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