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1st Year Veterinary Cards - Semester 2 > Intestines > Flashcards

Intestines Flashcards

1
Q

What processes take place in the small intestine?

A

Digestion

Absorption - by secondary active transport and diffusion

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2
Q

What are the 2 phases of intestinal digestion?

A

Luminal - enzymes and bile salts within the lumen

Membranous - enzymes on surface of intestinal cells

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3
Q

What are the 4 layers of the intestines/

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscular
Serosa

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4
Q

What cells are found in the epithelium of the SI?

A

Goblet cells
Enteroendocrine cells
Paneth cells
Enterocytes

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5
Q

What do goblet cells do?

A

Produce mucous for lubrication and protection

Secrete HCO3

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6
Q

What do enteroendocrine cells do?

A

Control digestion via hormones

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7
Q

What do paneth cells do?

A

Defence against microbes

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8
Q

What do enterocytes do? What is a key feature to them? What type of digestion phase is this and why?

A

Absorb products via transporter proteins
Microvilli
Membranous - luminal enzymes would be absorbed

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9
Q

What is distension?

A

The accumulation of gas or fluid in the abdomen

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10
Q

What is the gastro-ideal relflex?

A

Motility increases after feeding

Ileo-colic sphincter relaxes to allow SI contents to LI

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11
Q

What motility is found in the SI?

A

Segmental and peristaltic

At end of SI - no segmental, peristaltic only

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12
Q

What is the migrating myo-electric complex?

A

When a contraction reaches the ileum, a new one begins in the duodenum

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13
Q

Which neurotransmitter contracts and inhibits smooth muscle?

A

Contracts and inhibits smooth muscle

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14
Q

What happens to longitudinal and circular muscle behind chyme?

A

Longitudinal relaxes

Circular contracts

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15
Q

Which cells are the pacemaker cells? Where are they? Which NS innervates them?

A

Interstitial Cajal cells
Stomach
Enteric NS

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16
Q

Which bonds are indigestible by mammalian enzymes, so go onto microbial fermentation in the LI?

A

Beta glycosidic bonds

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17
Q

Describe the absorption and digestion speed of maltose, which one is the limiting factor?

A

Fast digestion

Slow absorption - limiting factor

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18
Q

Describe the digestion and absorption of lactose, which is the limiting factor?

A

Slow digestion - limiting factor

Fast absorption

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19
Q

Which enzyme do ruminants have none of?

A

Sucrase

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20
Q

Describe the Maltase and lactase levels in neonates and adults

A

High maltase adults, little lactase

High lactase neonate, little maltase

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21
Q

Which transporter transports glucose and galactose in the SI? Is this active or passive? Symport or antiport?

A

Na/glucose cotransporter = SGLT1
Active - secondary AT
Symport

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22
Q

How is fructose absorbed in the SI?

A

Facilitated diffusion via GLUT5

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23
Q

What happens to carbohydrates in the bloodstream?

A

Go to liver via hepatic portal vein and stored as glycogen

Or continue circulation

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24
Q

Carnivores have high CHO. Therefore lots of which transporter?

A

SGLT1

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25
Describe the presence of SGLT1 throughout rumen development
High before rumen develops | Once developed, almost negligible
26
If there is lactose in the SI and no lactase, what happens?
Osmotic force decreases water absorption in the LI | Diarrhoea
27
How are proteins absorbed and by which transporter?
Di or tri peptides | H+ cotransporter
28
What is the main source of protein for ruminants?
Their own microflora
29
In the large intestine, what does lactic acid cause?
Drop in pH Upsets microbial balance, gas and distension Lactate is poorly absorbed - diarrhoea
30
What is the final stage of carbohydrate absorption? What size molecules are absorbed? How many enzymes are required?
membranous phase monosaccharides only Few enzymes - only few monosaccharides
31
What is the final stage of protein absorption? What size molecules are absorbed? How many enzymes are needed and why?
Luminal phase Mono/Di/tri peptides Many - 20 amino acids
32
What are the similarities between carbohydrate and protein digestion?
Both transport via secondary active transport Both use cotransporter s Both require sodium gradient
33
If a neonate absorbs an intact protein, what does it stimulate?
Immune response
34
Which animals need colostrum as they do not get antibodies through the placenta?
Pigs, horses, ruminants
35
What enables neonates to absorb antibodies from colostrum?
Epithelial cells in SI are permeable to intact proteins Stomach produces less HCl Fewer pancreatic enzymes Trypsin inhibitor
36
Which type of animals have high and low fat diets?
Carnivores high, herbivores low
37
What is the main source of fats?
triglycerides
38
Where are lipase concentrations high and low?
Low in mouth/ stomach | High in pancreas
39
How are fats digested and absorbed
Liver produces bile - emulsifiers fats and forms aggregates called micelles Micelles absorb monoglycerides and fatty acids, return through microvilli to lumen and repeat
40
Where do monoglycerides and fats re-esterify?
Endoplasmic reticulum
41
what are the two routes for water absorption?
Paracellular - via tight junctions | Transcellular - via cell membranes - luminal membranes contain aquaporins for osmosis
42
Most water is reabsorbed from digestive secretions in which part of the intestine? Except which animal?
SI | Horse - LI
43
Why is sodium an important mineral in the intestines?
Provides energy for secondary active transport
44
How are sodium and chlorine absorbed?
Diffusion | Cotransporter
45
Why is it important HCO3 is reabsorbed
To prevent metabolic acidosis
46
Phosphate is absorbed as which molecule? What does it act as?
HPO4, 2- | Rumen buffer
47
Which iron molecule is poorly absorbed? How is it absorbed instead?
Fe3+ | Fe2+ by cotransporter
48
What are the functions of the LI?
Microbial fermentation, absorption of water and ions
49
Horses are what kind of fermenter? What do they also use the LI as?
Hindgut | Energy source
50
are there digestive enzymes in the LI?
No- microbes only
51
What are the products of microbial fermentation
VFAs - acetate, propionate, butyrate
52
What type of motility takes place in the SI?
Mass movement only
53
What molecules are absorbed in the LI?
VFAs Cl Na water
54
What hormone increases sodium absorption in the LI?
Aldosterone
55
Nearly all water in the LI is reabsorbed. Why does diarrhoea occur?
Stress/nutrition overload/infection | Increased water content causes distension and decreases motility, leading to less water absorption
56
What is the treatment options for diarrhoea?
IV - maintain BP, restore ions, HCO3 to counteract metabolic acidosis. Oral rehydration - containing NaCl to increase osmotic gradient between lumen and blood
57
Stress can cause diarrhoea by the strong activation of which nervous system?
Parasympathetic
58
What is constipation? What is the treatment?
Abnormal accumulation of material in the gut Dry food expands GI tract Fluids, paraffin oil (lube), enemas
59
Describe the process of defaecation
Terminal colon and rectum contract Inner anal sphincter muscle (autonomic) relaxes Outer anal sphincter muscle relaxes Abdominal muscles help mass evacuation
60
What type of smooth muscle is the inner and outer anal sphincter
Inner - smooth | Outer - striated
61
Which animals do not have conscious control of their outer anal sphincter
Horses | Ruminants

1st Year Veterinary Cards - Semester 2 (63 decks)

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