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1st Year Veterinary Cards - Semester 2 > Rumination > Flashcards

Rumination Flashcards

1
Q

What is rumination?

A

The process of regurgitation, remastication and redeglutition

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2
Q

Describe how regurgitation occurs

A 
Thorax expands - increased negative pressure. 
Cardiac sphincter opens
Diaphragm contracts
Reverse peristalsis into oral cavity
Liquid immediately swallowed back down.
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3
Q

Which parts of the stomach are the forestomach? Which is the true stomach?

A

omasum, rumen, reticulum

Abomasum

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4
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the forestomach?

A

Stratified squamous

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5
Q

Describe the size and lining of the reticulum

A

Small
Smooth muscle
Ridges

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6
Q

What remains in the reticulum?

A

Very dense particles, stones

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7
Q

Where does long grass/hay/straw float? Where does gas collect

A

Hay - bottom of dorsal sac

gas - top of dorsal sac

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8
Q

Why are the stomach chambers less defined in browsers?

A

More rapid fermentation through rumen and reticulum

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9
Q

How many times does rumination occur per day

A

6-10

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10
Q

Which is the main fermentation chamber?

A

Rumen

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11
Q

What separates the rumen into dorsal and ventral sac

A

Longitudinal groove

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12
Q

What does the vertical groove seperate the rumen into?

A

Caudodorsa and ventral blind sac

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13
Q

What increases the surface area of the rumen? Does it contain smooth muscle?

A

Papillae

No

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14
Q

What regulates the contraction of the rumen?

A

Short reflexes\

Via vagus nerve

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15
Q

Which side of the body is the omasum on? What structure does the omasum have?

A

Right

Multiple leaves with papillae

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16
Q

What regulates the passage of fermented material from reticulum to omasum?

A

Reticulo-omasal orifice

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17
Q

What type of cells line the abomasum?

A

Columnar epithelial cells

Glands

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18
Q

There is a constant flow from the rumen to the abomasum. The pH is higher than the simple stomach, but is still acidic enough to kill microbes. Why is it less acidic?

A

Alkaline fermentation fluid

19
Q

What are the 2 types of rumino reticulum contractions?

A

Primary - mixing

Secondary - eructation

20
Q

During rumination, which contractions precede primary ones?

A

Extra reticular contactions

21
Q

What are the 4 stages of primary contractions?

A

First reticular contraction
Second reticular contraction
Dorsal rumen contraction
Ventral rumen contaction

22
Q

How many litres are eructed per day due to fermentation?

A

2000-4000

23
Q

When can eructation not occur?

A

When animal lying on side

Gastric torsion

24
Q

Describe the process which leads to eructation?

A

Thorax expands - negative pressure

Most gas inhaled, some escapes

25
Q

WHat happens if there is failure to eructate? What might cause this?

A

Bloating

Oesophageal obstruction, tumour, eating clover

26
Q

What is frothy bloat?

A

bloat caused by smaller bubbles that don’t group into larger bubbles

27
Q

What can the pressure of bloating cause?

A

Cardiac/respiratory distress

28
Q

Which NS regulates forestomach motility? WHich nerve? Where is the control centre?

A

Autonomic
Vagus
Medulla

29
Q

Which part of the stomach is developed at birth? When does the other part do stomach?

A

Abomasum

Forestomach develops when eating roughage, 2-3 weeks

30
Q

What stimulates fermentation microbes to develop?

A

Mothers licking

Ingestion

31
Q

How does milk bypass the fermentation chamber? What stimulates this?

A

Oesophageal groove.

Warm milk

32
Q

What happens if there is too much milk or oesophageal groove failure?

A

Lactose fermented to lactic acid

Upsets microbes

33
Q

What is microbial fermentation? What conditions is it in?

A

Chemical breakdown of food to VFAs by microbes

34
Q

What would happen if microbial fermentation was an aerobic process/

A

Food would be fully broken down to CO2 and H20

No energy would be provided to host

35
Q

What does the ruminoreticulum do?

A

Provide environment for microbes

Slow down transit time

36
Q

How does oxygen gain entry into the stomach?

A

Through blood

Through swallowed air

37
Q

Microbial fermentation is only 90% efficient. Why is this?

A

10% lost by methane production

38
Q

What type of organisms are found in microbial fermentation

A

Bacteria - amylolytic, cellulolytic, proteolytic, methanogenic, lactate utilisers
Large Protozoa - less efficient
Fungi - aerobic

39
Q

Describe the movement of water, ammonium ions and VFAs in the stomach

A

Ammonium ions taken up by microbes
Water enters rumen
VFAs absorbed by host

40
Q

What is rumen acidosis? Why is this bad? How is it treated?

A

Sudden increase of H+ due to VFAs (too much hCHO)
Damages epithelium, causes water absorption into rumen —> dehydration
Alkaline IV fluid

41
Q

Which molecules are not available to the host, due to being taken up by microbes?

A

Monosaccharides
Di/tri peptides
AA

42
Q

Which is the only VFA that can be used in gluconeogenesis? how is it formed?

A

Propionate

Anaerobic glycolysis of pyruvate

43
Q

What can non-protein nitrogen be used for?

A

Protein synthesis via microbes

44
Q

Non protein nitrogen is essential. How much is found in grass? What about haylage?

A

15%

70% due to fermentation

1st Year Veterinary Cards - Semester 2 (63 decks)

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