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1st Year Veterinary Cards - Semester 2 > Reproduction 1, 2 and 3 > Flashcards

Reproduction 1, 2 and 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the layers of the uterus?

A

Endometrium

Myometrium

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2
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

2 cycles which make reproduction possible

Ovarian and uterine cycle

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3
Q

What happens in the ovarian cycle? What happens in the uterine cycle?

A

Development of follicle

Thickening and shedding of endometrium

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4
Q

What is the 1st menstruation called? What is the stopping of menstruation called?

A

Menarche

Menopause

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5
Q

Describe the levels of GnRH prepubertal

A

Constant low amount

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6
Q

When is the follicular phase in a 28 day cycle?

A

1 day - 2 weeks

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7
Q

Describe the follicular phase

A

Hypothalamus produces GnRH
This stimulates the anterior pituitary to produce FSH and LH
Follicles compete to grow fastest and become dominant
Other follicles die

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8
Q

Describe the structure of a follicle

A

Immature oocyte surrounded by zona pellucida
Granulosa cells around zona pellucida
Surrounded by theca cells

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9
Q

What receptors do theca and granulosa cells have?

A

Theca - LH

Granulosa - FSH

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10
Q

Lots of oestrogen causes lots of FSH/LH. What does this cause at the end of the follicular phase?

A

Follicle ruptures releasing oocyte

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11
Q

After ovulation, which hormone remains high?

A

LH

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12
Q

The remain of follicles become what? What cells are found in this?

A

Corpus luteum

Luteinized theca and granulosa cells

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13
Q

What do theca cells produce in the corpus luteum? What does this hormone do?

A

Progesterone

Inhibit FSH/LH

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14
Q

What do granulosa cells in the corpus luteum produce? WHere does this go to? What does it do?

A

Inhibin

Goes to pituitary gland, stops FSH (and oestrogen) production

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15
Q

What is the secretory phase? When does this take place?

A 
After progesterone production
Uterine glands produce more mucous
Spiral arteries grow longer
Corpus luteum becomes corpus albicans 
Menstruation
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16
Q

Which hormone do the follicles produce?

A

Oestrogen

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17
Q

What is the function of the ovaries?

A

Production and release of female gamete

Maintenance of pregnancy

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18
Q

Which animals menstruate?

A

Primates only

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19
Q

What is luteinzation?

A

Formation of corpus luteum from a follicle

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20
Q

When are females in oestrus?

A

When they are sexullay receptive to a male

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21
Q

What is a oestrogen? What does it do?

A

Group of hormones - oestrodiol most common

Drive sexual behaviour

22
Q

What is proestrus phase?

A

Follicular phase

Not sexually receptive

23
Q

What is dioestrus?

A

Progesterone dominant phase

Phase with corpus luteum

24
Q

What is anoestrus and what type of problems cause this?

A

No cyclic ovarian activity

Pathological or physiological

25
Q

Which animals are non-seasonal polyestrus?

A

Cow
Queen
Pig
Rodents

26
Q

Polyestrus means multiple cycles per year. What differs about the dominant follicles in polyestrus animals?

A

Can have multiple

27
Q

What animals are seasonal polyestrus?

A

Horse - long day breeders

Sheep/doe - short day breeders/autumn

28
Q

How long is the horse ovarian cycle

A

21 days

+- 4

29
Q

What are reflex/induced ovulators? Why is this?

A

Need to mate to induce ovulation

GnRH doesn’t produce enough LH for ovulation

30
Q

Spontaneous ovulators do not need stimulation. How many times do they ovulate per cycle?

A

Once

31
Q

Describe the ovarian cycle in a bitch and what type of ovulators they are

A

Spontaneous monoestrus
Very long porestrus
Oestrus
Dioestrus - 60-70 days

32
Q

How long is proestrus in a bitch? What are symptoms

A

9 days

Bloody discharge and swollen vulva attracts male

33
Q

How long is a bitch’s oestrus? When is ovulation? What colour is the discharge?

A

9 days
Day 2
Straw coloured

34
Q

Ovulation takes place how many days after the LH surge? How can bitches have multiple fathers?

A

2-3

Ovulation takes many days

35
Q

What is different about the luteolytic mechanism in bitches?

A

There isn’t one

36
Q

What type of reproduces are cows?

A

Polyestrus spontaneous

37
Q

What does FSH stimulate? Which cells does it bind to and what does this cause?

A

Growth of immature follicles
Granulosa cells
Oestradiol production

38
Q

What does LH stimulate?Which cells does it bind to?

A

Produces oestrogen precursors (including testosterone)
Stimulates maturation, luteinization and ovulation
Theca cells

39
Q

How does the oestrus cycle differ from the menstrual phase?

A

Shorter follicular phase
Long literal phase
No bleeding
Day 0 high oestrogen (menstrual cycle day 0 = low oestrogen

40
Q

Why does spotting occur in the oestrus cycle?

A

High oestrogen levels

41
Q

What does progesterone do? What cannot happen if progesterone levels are too low?

A

Inhibits GnRH

Ovulation

42
Q

What are luteolytic signals and which species produce them?

A

Prostaglandin released by endometrium
Oxytocin secreted by corpus luteum
Germ cells there at birth and undergo 1st mitotic division, no 2nd until fertilisation
Ruminants/horses/pigs

43
Q

Oxytocin is secreted by the corpus luteum in luteolytic signalling. How is this ensured to reach the endometrium?

A

Counter current system

44
Q

During ejaculation, semen is deposited where?

A

Vagina

Cervix (horse/pigs)

45
Q

How is sperm moved into the site of fertilisation? Where does fertilisation take place?

A

Smooth muscle contraction of female reproductive tract and sperm motility
Fallopian tubes

46
Q

The majority of sperm die and do not reach the egg. Why is this?

A

Phagocytosis

47
Q

Sperm in the epididymis are mature but not fertile. How do they become fertile? Can this be reversed?

A

Remove ‘mask molecules’ whilst in female reproductive tract

Yes

48
Q

What is the fusion of gametes called?

A

Syngamy

49
Q

Which layer of the oocyte do sperm need to bind to? What happens as they do this?

A

Zona pellucida
Undergo acrosomal reactions to prevent polyspermy
Fuses with oocyte membrane

50
Q

What is polyspermy?

A

Multiple sperm entering and fertilising an egg

51
Q

What is the sperm viability length for cows and bitches?

A

Cow 18 hrs

Bitches 5 days

52
Q

Progesterone is essential in pregnancy. It is secreted by the placenta. Which structure can secrete it whilst the placenta develops, and what might be prevented by this?

A

Corpus luteum

Luteolysis

1st Year Veterinary Cards - Semester 2 (63 decks)

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