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1st Year Veterinary Cards - Semester 2 > Stomach 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Stomach 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is deglutition?

A

Swallowing: propulsion of food from oral cavity -> osephogus

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2
Q

What is food molded into by the tongue before being moved up and back to the pharynx?

A

Bolus

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3
Q

When pressure sensory cells are stimulated, the swallowing reflex is stimulated. Where is the swallowing centre in the brain?

A

Medulla

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4
Q

What temporarily closes off the trachea whilst swallowing?

A

Epiglottis

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5
Q

What are some deglutition disorders?

A

Failure of epiglottis
Soft palette
Pharyngeal paralysis
Botulism (clostridial toxins block AcetylCh release)

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6
Q

What is myasthenia gravis?

A

The body produces antibodies against Acetylcholine receptors, so the swallowing reflex does not work

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7
Q

Why are animals starved before anaesthesia?

A

Inhalation pneumonia

Anaesthesia induces vomiting - leads to inhalation

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8
Q

What are the 4 layers of the oesophagus?

A

Mucosal layer
Submucosal layer
Muscular layer
Serosal layer

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9
Q

What happens when the bolus reaches the oesophagus?

A

Upper oesophageal sphincter closes behind food bolus
Epiglottis opens to allow respiration
Peristaltic contractions force bolus down
Lower oesophageal sphincter opens to allow food to pass to stomach

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10
Q

What is the lower oesophageal sphincter also known as? What is its function?

A

Cardiac sphincter

Prevent regurgitation

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11
Q

What is the scientific word for vomitting?

A

Emesis

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12
Q

What is an anti-emetic drug?

A

A drug which prevents vomitting

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13
Q

Why is there deep inspiration before emesis?

A

To increase intrathoracic pressure

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14
Q

Whilst taking a deep inspiration, which parts of the digestive system close?

A

Trachea

Nasal cavity

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15
Q

Which muscles contract during emesis

A

Abdominal muscles

NOT gastric

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16
Q

Emesis is controlled by the medulla. What stimulates emesis?

A

Pharyngeal or gastric distension/irritation

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17
Q

Which two species do not vomit? What happens to them if they are unable to vomit?

A

Horses and rats

Stomach ruptures

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18
Q

What is gastric torsion? Which breeds are most prone to it?

A

The twisting of the stomach around its on axis

Any horses/dogs with a wide chest - more room for stomach to move

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19
Q

Why does gastric torsion prevent vomiting?

A

It seals off the cardiac sphincter

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20
Q

Gastric torsion may compromise blood supply. What does this lead to?

A

Oedema
Hypoxic stomach
Eventually leads to necrosis

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21
Q

During gastric torsion, the stomach may dilate. This may lead to emergency surgery. Why?

A

Stomach impairs venous return to the heart

Causes hypovolaemic shock

22
Q

What are the functions of the stomach?

A

Digestion (continuation of starch, initiation of protein)
Protect rest of GI tract by killing bacteria
Storage (wild animals)
Mechanical breakdown and mixing

23
Q

What are the 4 regions of the adult stomach? What sphincters are at the start and end of the stomach?

A 
Cardia
Fundus
Corpus
Pylorus
Eosphogeal sphinter, pyloric sphincter
24
Q

Is the oesophageal region of the stomach glandular or non-glandular?

A

Non - glandular

25
Q

What is the purpose of motility?

A

To prepare stomach for meal
Mix and breakdown chyme
Empty stomach
Prevent regurgitation

26
Q

What actually is ‘heart burn’?

A

Regurgitation of chyme into the oesophagus

27
Q

What is receptive relaxation?

A

The process of the stomach relaxing to accommodate for food as a meal is eaten

28
Q

Where is receptive relaxation regulated, and via which nerve? What is the neurotransmitter?

A

Swallowing centre (medulla)
Vagus nerve
VIP

29
Q

Regulation of stomach emptying is hormonal or neural. When may the regulation by neural?

A

When in pain

30
Q

When might the duodenum inhibit gastric contractions (therefore gastric emptying)?

A

If too much chyme is present in the duodenum

If pH is too high

31
Q

What is the pH of the stomach?

A

2 - 2.5

32
Q

What is amylase a polysaccharide of? What is the bond present?

A

Alpha glucose

1, 4 glycosidic bond

33
Q

What is amylopectin a polysaccharide of? What is the bond present?

A

Alpha glucose

1,6 glycosidic bond

34
Q

Starch is broken down by amylase, which is only active at pH > 6. Protein is broken down by pepsin, which is only active at a lower pH. How does the stomach deal with this?

A

Acid is released from stomach walls
Newly swallowed food goes to the centre
Starch is broken down in the centre (lower pH) and protein is broke down by edges of stomach (higher pH)

35
Q

Why do carnivores and ruminants have no amylase in their saliva?

A

They have a low starch diet

36
Q

Where is amylase produced?

A 
The mouth
Exocrine pancreas (back up)
37
Q

Why do humans have such a high level of salivary amylase in comparison to pigs/horses?

A

Human stomach cannot digest starch as well as pigs and horses

38
Q

What is gastric juice mainly composed of?

A

Hydrochloric acid

Pepsinogen (inactive pepsin, activated by stomach acid)

39
Q

Why does pepsinogen need to be inactive?

A

Organs are made up of protein

Pepsin would digest them

40
Q

Stomach mucosa is resistant to digestion. Failure of this leads to..?

A

Stomach ulceration

41
Q

Why is HCl needed in gastric juice?

A

Kill microorganisms
Active pepsinogen and provide environment for pepsin to work
Degrade large chunks of CT & MT into smaller pieces

42
Q

How does the duodenum cope with the acidic chyme released from the stomach?

A

The pancreas secretes HCO3- into the duodenum which neutralises the acid

43
Q

What is the alkaline tide?

A

After eating, pH of blood increases due to stomach parietal cells secreting H+ into the stomach and HCO3- into the blood

44
Q

Where is pepsinogen synthesised and stored?

A

Chief/peptic cells

45
Q

Pepsin can act as an auto catalyst. What does this mean?

A

Pepsin can activate more pepsinogen

46
Q

What are the three phases of digestion? And what happens? (In terms of gastric juice secretion and what stimulates it)

A

Cephalic & gastric phase - stimulates gastric juice secretion directly via acetylcholine and indirectly via gastrin in blood
Intestinal phase - inhibits gastric secretion until intestines ready fro more. Stimulated via cholinergic transmitters and gastrin/CCK

47
Q

If stomach pH is less than 2, gastric juice secretion is inhibited to protect mucosa. What is responsible for this?

A

Hormone gastrin

48
Q

The duodenum inhibits motility and gastric juice secretion by which nerve, and which 3 hormones

A

Vagus nerve

Secretin, CCK, GIP

49
Q

How often is stomach mucosa epithelium replaced?

A

Every 2-3 days

50
Q

When there is increased acid in the duodenum, there are decreased protective functions by the stomach. Damaged cells produce what, which leads to more acid production?

A

Histamine

51
Q

What is the treatment for a too low pH in the stomach?

A

Increase HCO3 and decrease H+

Treat with antacids, antihistamines

1st Year Veterinary Cards - Semester 2 (63 decks)

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