Endocrine 3&4

Question 1

Where is the pituitary gland and which bone protects it?

Answer 1

Below hypothalamus

Sphenoid

Question 2

Where do the anterior and posterior pouches originate from?

Answer 2

Anterior - oral ectoderm

Posterior - neural ectoderm

Question 3

The anterior pituitary has what capillary system?

Answer 3

Portal

Question 4

What hormones does the anterior pituitary produce?

Answer 4

FLATPiG
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
Prolactin
GH

Question 5

What is the target for all the anterior pituitary hormones except prolactin?

Answer 5

Other hormones

Question 6

What is the function of the posterior pouch? Which hormones are these?

Answer 6

Store and release hormones made in the hypothalamus

ADH, oxytocin

Question 7

Where are the thyroid glands found? How many lobes are there? How do thyroid glands work?

Answer 7

Below larynx
2
HPA axis

Question 8

What are 2 hormones released by the thyroid? What solubility do they have?

Answer 8

TSH
TRH
Lipophilic

Question 9

What are the cells found in the thyroid?

Answer 9

Follicular cells

Non follicular cells surrounded by C cells

Question 10

What do follicular cells in the thyroid gland do? What are the 2 types of cells?

Answer 10

Trap iodine and other substances for cell synthesis

T3 (3 iodine’s), T4 4 iodines

Question 11

Where are thyroid hormones stored?

Answer 11

In blood and colloid

Question 12

All cells have thyroid hormone receptors except…

Answer 12

CNS

Testes

Question 13

What is the function of thyroid hormones? When might this be useful?

Answer 13

Increase metabolic rate

Hypothermia - increase heat

Question 14

When giving drugs for hyperthyroidism, how long do they take to kick in?

Answer 14

2-3 months

Question 15

What are the symptoms of hyperthyroid?

Answer 15

Eat more 
Lose weight
Try lose height - lying down
Scatty - due to increased atonal conductivity
Hyperthermia 
Low TSH levels

Question 16

What are the symptoms of hypothyroid?

Answer 16

No change in appetite
Weight gain
Intolerance to cold (thin coat, flaky skin)
Lethargy
Poor exercise tolerance
Dull

Question 17

What is goitre? What might cause this?

Answer 17

Swelling of neck due to enlarged thyroid gland

Tumour or iodine deficiency

Question 18

What does HPA axis stand for?

Answer 18

Hypothalamic
Pituitary
Adrenal

Question 19

Corticoids are produced in which gland?

Answer 19

Adrenal

Question 20

The adrenal gland is made up of how many fused glands? What are the parts of the adrenal gland called?

Answer 20

2
Cortex (3 parts - different hormones made in each)
Medulla

Question 21

Are corticoids lipid or water soluble?

Answer 21

Lipid

Question 22

One of the main corticoids produced by the adrenal gland is aldosterone. What does this do? What regulates it?

Answer 22

Increases potassium secretion. Retains Na/Cl/water

RAAS system

Question 23

Catecholamines are also a type of corticoid. What are the 3 hormones included in this?

Answer 23

Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
Dopamine

Question 24

What body function do androgens have an impact on?

Answer 24

Reproduction

Question 25

Name some corticoids

Answer 25

Aldosterone Catecholamines Androgens Glucocorticoids

Question 26

What do glucocorticoids do?

Answer 26

Suppress immune function | Increase glucose plasma levels

Question 27

What is the main glucocorticoid? What does it do?

Answer 27

Cortisol | Response to stress, helps with circadian rhythm

Question 28

How is cortisol transported around the body? What feedback does cortisol use?

Answer 28

On cholesterol | Negative

Question 29

What are the conditions associated with too much and too little cortisol?

Answer 29

Cushing’s disease | Addison’s disease

Question 30

What is the soluble of peptide hormones?

Answer 30

Water soluble

Question 31

What is the solubility of steroid hormones?

Answer 31

Lipid soluble

Question 32

What is the solubility of hormones derived from AAs?

Answer 32

Can be either lipid or water soluble

Question 33

Fatty acid derived hormones are lipid soluble. What are the 4 groups of fatty acid derived hormones?

Answer 33

Prostaglandin Prostacyclin Leukotrienes Thromboxane

Question 34

What is somatotropin? Which cells does it impact on? What does it do?

Answer 34

Growth hormone Most Stimulates protein synthesis and bone elongation Anabolic

Question 35

What increases somatotropin secretion?

Answer 35

``` Growth Sex steroids Thyroid hormones Starvation Physical activity ```

Question 36

What is an excess of GH/somatotropin called?

Answer 36

Acromegaly

Question 37

Which hormone inhibits growth hormone?

Answer 37

Somatostatin

Question 38

What is recombinant bovine somatotropin/ rBST? What does it do

Answer 38

Used to enhance lactation Changes nutrients towards milk production Increase somatotropin Not legal in EU - welfare

Question 39

What is melatonin? Where is it secreted from? What is it derived from?

Answer 39

Sleep hormone - maintains circadian rhythm Pineal gland in brain centre Serotonin

Question 40

When is melatonin very useful?

Answer 40

Seasonal breeding animals

Question 41

What hormones do adipocytes secrete? What is the key one? What do they do?

Answer 41

Adipokines Leptin Bind to receptors on hypothalamus to inhibit hunger