Endocrine 3&4 Flashcards
Where is the pituitary gland and which bone protects it?
Below hypothalamus
Sphenoid
Where do the anterior and posterior pouches originate from?
Anterior - oral ectoderm
Posterior - neural ectoderm
The anterior pituitary has what capillary system?
Portal
What hormones does the anterior pituitary produce?
FLATPiG FSH LH ACTH TSH Prolactin GH
What is the target for all the anterior pituitary hormones except prolactin?
Other hormones
What is the function of the posterior pouch? Which hormones are these?
Store and release hormones made in the hypothalamus
ADH, oxytocin
Where are the thyroid glands found? How many lobes are there? How do thyroid glands work?
Below larynx
2
HPA axis
What are 2 hormones released by the thyroid? What solubility do they have?
TSH
TRH
Lipophilic
What are the cells found in the thyroid?
Follicular cells
Non follicular cells surrounded by C cells
What do follicular cells in the thyroid gland do? What are the 2 types of cells?
Trap iodine and other substances for cell synthesis
T3 (3 iodine’s), T4 4 iodines
Where are thyroid hormones stored?
In blood and colloid
All cells have thyroid hormone receptors except…
CNS
Testes
What is the function of thyroid hormones? When might this be useful?
Increase metabolic rate
Hypothermia - increase heat
When giving drugs for hyperthyroidism, how long do they take to kick in?
2-3 months
What are the symptoms of hyperthyroid?
Eat more Lose weight Try lose height - lying down Scatty - due to increased atonal conductivity Hyperthermia Low TSH levels
What are the symptoms of hypothyroid?
No change in appetite Weight gain Intolerance to cold (thin coat, flaky skin) Lethargy Poor exercise tolerance Dull
What is goitre? What might cause this?
Swelling of neck due to enlarged thyroid gland
Tumour or iodine deficiency
What does HPA axis stand for?
Hypothalamic
Pituitary
Adrenal
Corticoids are produced in which gland?
Adrenal
The adrenal gland is made up of how many fused glands? What are the parts of the adrenal gland called?
2
Cortex (3 parts - different hormones made in each)
Medulla
Are corticoids lipid or water soluble?
Lipid
One of the main corticoids produced by the adrenal gland is aldosterone. What does this do? What regulates it?
Increases potassium secretion. Retains Na/Cl/water
RAAS system
Catecholamines are also a type of corticoid. What are the 3 hormones included in this?
Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
Dopamine
What body function do androgens have an impact on?
Reproduction
Name some corticoids
Aldosterone
Catecholamines
Androgens
Glucocorticoids
What do glucocorticoids do?
Suppress immune function
Increase glucose plasma levels
What is the main glucocorticoid? What does it do?
Cortisol
Response to stress, helps with circadian rhythm
How is cortisol transported around the body? What feedback does cortisol use?
On cholesterol
Negative
What are the conditions associated with too much and too little cortisol?
Cushing’s disease
Addison’s disease
What is the soluble of peptide hormones?
Water soluble
What is the solubility of steroid hormones?
Lipid soluble
What is the solubility of hormones derived from AAs?
Can be either lipid or water soluble
Fatty acid derived hormones are lipid soluble. What are the 4 groups of fatty acid derived hormones?
Prostaglandin
Prostacyclin
Leukotrienes
Thromboxane
What is somatotropin? Which cells does it impact on? What does it do?
Growth hormone
Most
Stimulates protein synthesis and bone elongation
Anabolic
What increases somatotropin secretion?
Growth Sex steroids Thyroid hormones Starvation Physical activity
What is an excess of GH/somatotropin called?
Acromegaly
Which hormone inhibits growth hormone?
Somatostatin
What is recombinant bovine somatotropin/ rBST? What does it do
Used to enhance lactation
Changes nutrients towards milk production
Increase somatotropin
Not legal in EU - welfare
What is melatonin? Where is it secreted from? What is it derived from?
Sleep hormone - maintains circadian rhythm
Pineal gland in brain centre
Serotonin
When is melatonin very useful?
Seasonal breeding animals
What hormones do adipocytes secrete? What is the key one? What do they do?
Adipokines
Leptin
Bind to receptors on hypothalamus to inhibit hunger
