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Year 4 Livestock and One Health > Urinary Tract: Urinary and Urolithiasis > Flashcards

Urinary Tract: Urinary and Urolithiasis Flashcards

1
Q

How can the urinary system be examined?

A
  • History- how long/ other sigs
  • Frequency/ease of urination
  • Urine- smell/appearance
  • Rectal ecamination- left kidney/bladder
  • Catheterisation
  • Prepuce
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2
Q

What is normal urinalysis for large animals?

A
  • Colour
  • SG- 1.02- 1.045
  • pH- normally alkaline
  • Protein- usually trace only
  • Glucose- usually teace
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3
Q

What are the clinical signs of urinary disease?

A
  • Abdominal pain
  • Dysuria
  • Haematuria
  • Polyuria
  • Anuria
  • Oliguria
  • Proteinuria
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4
Q

What urinary disease do the following clinical signs show?
1. Abdominal pain
2. Dysuria
3. Polyuria
4. Anuria
5. Oliguria
6. Proteinuria

A
  1. pyelonephritis, calculi
  2. pyelonephritis, calculi, cystitis
  3. diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipiidus, idiopathic in calves
  4. obstruction by calculi
  5. prerenal, renal or post renal
  6. renal amyloidosis
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5
Q

What diseases can cause haematuria?

A
  • Pyelonephritis +pus
  • Cystitis
  • Urolithiasis
  • Enzootic haematuria
  • Acute bracken poisoning
  • Toxic nephrosis
  • Glomerulonephritis, renal infarction
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6
Q

What diseases may cause haemoglobinuria?

A

Babesiosis- red water
* port coloured urine

Post-parturient haemoglobinuria
Bacillary haemoglobinuria- clostridium haemoliticum

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7
Q
  1. What is hypospadia?
  2. What is a patent urachus?
A
  1. Failure of closure of male urethra- usually fatten fine
  2. Urine from the ummbilicus
Hypospadia
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8
Q
  1. What agents may cause pyelonephritis?
  2. What can it be secondary to?
A
  1. Corynebacterium renale clasically or E.coli- usually sporadic
  2. Secondary to trauma

Ascending infection usually

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9
Q

What are the clinical signs of pyelonephritis?

A
  • Chronic weight loss
  • ± mild pyrexia
  • Appetits usually ok
  • Dysuria
  • Blood and pus in urine
  • Examine rectum- painful swollen kidney, bladder, ureter
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10
Q

What do these images show?

A

Pyelonephritis

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11
Q

How is pyelonephritis treated?

A

Long course ABs
* penicillins, oxytet

C.renale- sensitive to most ABs
E.coli- may not be

1/3 get better, 1/3 recur, 1/3 never get better

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12
Q
  1. What is often associated with cystitis?
  2. What can it be secondary to?
  3. What is the clinical sign?
  4. How is it treated?
A
  1. Pyelonephritis
  2. Secondary to dystocia
  3. Straining more pronounced
  4. ABs as for pyelonephritis
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13
Q
  1. What can amyloidosis be secondary too?
  2. What are the clinical signs
A

Secondary to other chronic infections

Clinical signs
* off food and ill
* profuse diarrhoea
* generalised sub cut oedema
* PUPD
* proteinuria
* low plasma albumin
* pale swollen kidneys

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14
Q

What can cause enzootic haematuria?

What lesions are found

A

Associated with long term ingestion of braken

  • Haemangiomata in bladder
  • ‘teart pastures’ high molybdenum
  • Blood clots in urine
  • Tumour in guts- squamous cell carcinoma
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15
Q

How does long term ingestion of braken poisoning show?

A
  • Bright blindness- sheep retinal atrophy
  • Enzootic haematuria- long term ingestion
  • Gut tumours- sheep and cattle- long term
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16
Q

How does acute braken poisoning present?

A
  • Bone marrow toxicity
  • Pancytopenia
  • Thrombocytopenia
  • Petechiae in mouth, conjunctive, vulva
  • Subcut bruising
  • Blood clots- nose, faeces
  • Pyrexia and depression
  • Diarrhoea
  • Haematuria
  • Death
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17
Q

What more commonly causes toxic nephrosis in cattle?

A

Oak acorn poisoning
Tannins in acorns cause kidney damage

18
Q

How does toxic nephrosis present?

How can it be treated?

A
  • Anorexia, depression
  • Bloat due to ruminal stasis
  • Constipation and straining

Death in 4-7 days
Charcoal, rumenotomy can be done
move other animals

19
Q
  1. Where in the country is affected by bacillary haemoglobinuria?
  2. Where is it found in the environment and in the animal?
  3. What triggers spores?
  4. What are the clinical signs?
  5. How is it controlled?
A
  1. Wet, high pH pastures- southwest
  2. In soil, dormant in liver
  3. Migrating fluke
  4. Pyrexia, jaundice, anaemia, oedema- fatal
  5. Vaccinate (black disease), fluke control

Clostridium haemolyticum

20
Q
  1. What agentcauses redwater?
  2. What parasite carries it?
  3. When are clinical signs seen?
A
  1. Babesia divergens
  2. Tick-borne
  3. Older non-immune animals- usually moved into the area
21
Q

What affects epidemiology of redwater?

A
  • Premunity- infection when young
  • ticks- spring/autumn rise
  • rented grazing- novel exposure
22
Q

What are the clinical signs of red water?

A
  • Pyrexia
  • Anaemia and haemoglobinuria
  • Diarrhoea

Later- constipated, temp falls, anaemic/jaundice

23
Q

How is babesia diagnosed?

A
  • Blood smear- capillary blood from ear
  • Thin smear- look at edges
  • Parasites in RBC
  • Evidence of anaemia

ELISA- assess herd exposure

24
Q

How can babesiosis be treated?

A
  • ‘Imzol’- imidocarb- licensed in the UK
  • 213 d meat, 21 milk withhold
  • Inform DVM
  • Easy to overdose
  • Supportive therapy- blood transfusion, fluids
25
Q

What is the aetiology of post parturient haemoglobinuria?

A

Low phosphorous diet
* lush spring grass and sugar beet pulp

Kale, rape, turnips

26
Q

What are the clinical signs of haemoglobinuria?

How is it treated?

A
  • Sudden onset
  • Collapse, dyspnoea and death
  • Haemoglobinuria, pallor, jaundice

Treated
* Phosphorus
* Blood transfusion

27
Q

Describe a blood transfusion?

A

One transfusion is safe
* Sodium citrate- anticoagulant
* Choke-rope to raise jugular
* Jugular trochar 10 or 12G
* 5 litres
* Collect into winchester bottle or empty wormer bottle

28
Q

Describe a blood transfusion?

A

One transfusion is safe
* Sodium citrate- anticoagulant
* Choke-rope to raise jugular
* Jugular trochar 10 or 12G
* 5 litres
* Collect into winchester bottle or empty wormer bottle

29
Q

What are the most common presentations of uroliths of ruminants?

A
  • 2-4 month old rams
  • Mature goats castrated in first few days of life
  • Bull beef calves

Usually Calcium/magnesium ammonium phosphate

30
Q

What are uroliths in ruminants associated with?

A
  • Ca:P imbalance in diet
  • High concentrate
  • Water deprivation
  • Interactions- forage quality and concentrate intake
  • History of diet change in mature animals
  • Innapropriate material used in feeds- pig nuts for goats
31
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with calculi?

A
  • Restlessness- mild to severe
  • Abdominal pain (kicking) and straining (hiccups)
  • Dysuria or anuria- dry floor
  • Preputial crystals
  • Progressive till urethra and/or bladder ruptures
  • Bladder rupture- initially brighter- high urea and creatinine
32
Q

What does this image show?

A

Water belly

Rupture of urethra accumulating

33
Q

What is the main idiopathic differential for calculi?

A
  • Bloodless castrators- burdizzo
  • Rupture urethra
  • Water belly
34
Q

What animals cocks are these?

A

Horse
Cow
Sheep
Goat

35
Q

How is urolithiasis diagnosed?

A

Abdominal palpation
* distended bladder
* free fluid wave
* s/c fluid- piting, colour of skin

Hair on ventral abdomen- sand around prepucial orifice

Examination of penis

Radiography ± contrast
US- S/C tissue, free fluid in abdomen, bladder, kidnet

Abdominocentisis

Palpate urethra per-rectum

Blood sample- urea/creatinine, postassium, PCV, total protein

36
Q

How is urolithiasis treated?

A
  • Relaxants- buscopan or xylazine
  • Always used but little use
  • Casualty slaughter- unlikely to pass
36
Q

How is urolithiasis treated?

A
  • Relaxants- buscopan or xylazine- Always used but little use
  • Casualty slaughter- unlikely to pass

Approach if exploring
* Cut vermiform appendage if palpated
* Stabilise i/v fluids
* Exteriorise penis- palpate to feel calculi
* Catheterise urethra?- difficult
Flush with local and walpoles solution (dissolves stones)- valuable rams
* Percutaneous bladder catheterisation- flush as before
* Urethrostomy

37
Q

Describe the process of a urethrostomy

A
  • Standing and epidural anaesthesia
  • Midline incision from 4 inch below anus
  • Identify penis and blunt dissect
  • Transect penis distally to leave a 4 inch proximal stump
  • Suture stump to skin- not through urethra
38
Q

How is water belly treated?

A
  • Incise skin in multiple sites to produce drainage
  • Necrosis, slough off and re-epithelialise
  • Bath/spray
  • AB?
  • Fly?
39
Q

How is urolithiasis prevented/recurrence prevented?

A

Urinary acidification
* Ammonium chloride
* Acid sodium phosphate

Check diet
* Mixing diet
* Source of minerals
* Growing rams- not added magnesium
* Calcium chloride or ammonium chloride in lamb creep
* Ca:P ratio 1.2-2: 1

Year 4 Livestock and One Health (58 decks)

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