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Year 4 Livestock and One Health > Nutrition and GI: Ruminant Nutrition and Problem Solving > Flashcards

Nutrition and GI: Ruminant Nutrition and Problem Solving Flashcards

1
Q

How much time do ruminants spend grazing, ruminating, resting?

A

1/3 grazing
1/3 ruminating
1/3 resting

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2
Q

What is the function of the fibre mat in the rumen?

A

‘home to the bugs’
Traps foods

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3
Q

What happens in the primary cycle of the rumen contraction?

A
  • First reticular contraction
  • Second reticular contraction
  • Dorsal rumen contraction
  • Ventral rumen contraction
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4
Q

What happens in the secondary cycle of the rumen?

A
  • Dorsal rumen contraction
  • Gas cap pushed forwars and gas released up oesophagus
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5
Q

What is the ratio of primary: secondary rumen contractions?

A

2 primary : 1 secondary

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6
Q

What ‘activities’ need to be included in calculation of diet formulation?

A
  • Maintenance
  • Activity
  • Lactation
  • Growth
  • Pregnancy
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7
Q

How much does a ruminant eat?

DMI

A

If nothing
* 2-2.5% of BW (14 kg for 700kg cow)

If lactating
* 25l- 3% BW
* 50l- 4% of BW

If heavilg pregnant- eats less
* Start of dry period 12-14kg daily
* Last 3 weeks- 11-12kg
* Last few days- 8-10 kg

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8
Q

What influences DMI?

A
  • BW and fatness- fat cows eat less
  • Milk yield
  • Stage of production cycle
  • Type of food
  • Palatability
  • Access- feed barrier, electric fence
  • Availability
  • Social factors
  • Stress/pain
  • Rumen health
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9
Q

What is ME?

A

Metabolisable energy
* Energy available to animal for maintenance, growth, lactation and pregnancy

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10
Q

What does microbial fermentation of carbohydrates produce?

A

Votatile fatty acids
* Acetate
* Butryrate
* Propionate

CO2
CH4

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11
Q

What happens to VFAs produced?

A
  • Absorbed across rumen wall- health of papilae
  • Enter krebs cycle
  • Glucose synthesis- propionate
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12
Q

When are fats and oils indicated in ruminants diets?

Where are they absorbed?

A
  • Concentrated sources of energy
  • Only practival for high yielding cows when DMI fails to meet energy requirements

Absorbed in small intestine

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13
Q

Why do all dairy cows lose weight in early lactation?

What is the target loss?

A
  • Depressed DMI in the first weeks post-partum coincide with massive energy demand for milk production- negative energy balance

Target loss is 0.5-1.0 CS points

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14
Q

How long does it take a dairy cow to reach peak lactation?

A

~8 weeks

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15
Q

How much MJ do dairy cows require for:
1. Maintenance
2. Production

A
  1. 65-70 MJ
  2. 5 MJ/litre milk

650kg

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16
Q
  1. What is RDP?
  2. Where is it fermented and absorbed?
  3. What causes high blood urea from nutrition?
A
  1. Rumen degradable protein- any N containing compound
  2. Fermented in rumen
    * Broken down into NH4+
    * Used by bugs to grow
    * Microbial protein digested in abomasum
  3. High blood urea- insufficient ME therefore microbes do not break down- excess ERDP

ERDP- is effective rumen digestable protein- how much is available

16
Q
  1. What is RDP?
  2. Where is it fermented and absorbed?
  3. What causes high blood urea from nutrition?
A
  1. Rumen degradable protein- any N containing compound
  2. Fermented in rumen
    * Broken down into NH4+
    * Used by bugs to grow
    * Microbial protein digested in abomasum
  3. High blood urea- insufficient ME therefore microbes do not break down- excess ERDP

ERDP- is effective rumen digestable protein- how much is available

17
Q

What is RUDP?

A

Rumen undegradable protein
* Passes through rumen
* Digested in abomasum and SI

18
Q

How much protein does a dairy cow require?

A

Not really known exactly
* ~16% if yield < 8000l
* ~18% if yield >8000l

19
Q

How is DMI maximised in lactating dairy cows?

A
  • Maximise intake in dry period
  • Palatable diet
  • Avoid SARA
  • Dry cow managment- avoid getting fat
  • Environment- comfort, feed barrier, social
  • Health- lameness
20
Q
  1. What should the DMI be at peak yield?
  2. What should DMI in dry period?
  3. What is a normal lactating cows M/D?
  4. What is a dry cows M/D?
  5. What is the DMI of a cow on pasture?
A
  1. Aim for 4% at peak yield
  2. 12-14kg
  3. 11.5-12.3
  4. 8-8.5
  5. 14kg DMI max

M/D = megajoules of metabolisable energy per kg of dry matter

21
Q
  1. What is the DM of clamp grass silage?
  2. What is the M/D?
A
  1. 20-355
  2. 10-12
22
Q
  1. What is the DM of maize silage?
  2. What is the M/D?
  3. What needs to be remembered?
A
  1. 30-35%
  2. 11-11.5
  3. High starch, low protein, poor fibre
23
Q
  1. What is the DM of big bale silage?
  2. What is the M/D?
A
  1. 30-35%
  2. 8.5-10.5
24
Q
  1. What is the DM of hay?
  2. What is the M/D?
A
  1. 85%
  2. 8-9
25
Q
  1. What is the DM of straw?
  2. What is the M/D?
A
  1. 85%
  2. 5.5-6.5
26
Q
  1. What is the DM of grass?
  2. What is the M/D of grass?
A
  1. 20% or less
  2. 10-12.5
27
Q
  1. What is the DM of concentrates?
  2. What is the M/D?
A
  1. 90%
  2. 12.5
28
Q

What is the DMI of a 700kg dry cow?

A

14 kilos

Year 4 Livestock and One Health (58 decks)

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